It contains 4,700 chemical compositions, of which 43 are known carcinogens. Out of these carcinogen, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (such as 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN)), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzo[a]pyrene) and aromatic amines (such as 4-aminobiphenyl) are the ones that play an important role in causing of cancer. Nicotine and carcinogens are two factors, whose combination leads to 30% of cancer-related deaths in developed countries. Heavy smoking habit parallels the rise in cancer. 1.1billions smokers are estimated world wide. Smoking is now an equal opportunity killer among peoples living in both developing and developed countries. Smoking is responsible for fully 30% of all cancer related deaths. Nicotine is not carcinogenic, but it is addictive and toxic. It is the addiction of nicotine that makes people use tobacco products, which contains various kinds of carcinogens.
Impacts of smoking on health are reflective of rate of lung cancer.
Exposure route and impacts
Exposure can result from:
a) Active smoking- tobacco smoke in environment is derived from either main stream smoke (exhale smoke).
b) Passive smoking – smoke arising from burning end of cigarette and exposure to this smoke is side stream smoke. Non-smokers are exposed in work places, public transport and indoor spaces.
Older people with weak immune system and people that are addicted to tobacco products are more exposed to carcinogenic affects of tobacco.
Impacts of smoking manifest in the form of several diseases. The diseases that are directly linked to inhalation of carcinogens in cigarette smoke are:
a) Cancer of lung, mouth, larynx, esophagus, uterine cervix, breast, stomach. Smoking increases the risk of breast cancer in women who used tobacco at an early age.
b) Respiratory disease – emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, bacterial pneumonia, tubercular pneumonia.
c) Cardiovascular diseases- coronary artery disease, hypertension, aortic aneurysm, stroke.
d) Pregnant women’s and infant health are also affected by smoking. An adverse impact of maternal smoking causes pregnancy complications and birth defects. Intra uterine growth retardation, spontaneous abortion, fetal and neonatal death, and abruption of placenta, premature rupture of membrane, preeclampsia, congenital malformation, low-birth weight, and recurrent respiratory infection in children. Passive smoking causes asthma, bronchitis, ear infections and pneumonia, in infants and children. Eye irritation is common when exposed to passive smoking. It aggravates allergies. Increased risk for lung cancer and coronary artery disease develops in people who live in close contact with the smokers.
Risk Reduction:
Risk declines only with complete cessation of smoking. Important factor for cessation of smoking is the desire of an individual to quit. Smokers that quit live longer than those who continue smoking. However, quitters too are at a higher risk for certain type of cancer than people who never use tobacco.
In order to substantially reduce smoking rates, governments can adopt a comprehensive approach to tobacco control, which should include a range of measures such as: (a) a total ban on tobacco advertising and promotion (b) restrictions on smoking in public places and in the workplace (c) sustained increases in tobacco taxation (d) bold health warnings on tobacco products (e) smoking cessation and health education campaigns (f) Protecting nonsmokers through restriction laws in work places, public transport and indoor public spaces. Public awareness campaigns should be made priority. It increases awareness and helps decline many adverse health impacts of tobacco use.
Tuesday, December 23, 2008
Thursday, December 18, 2008
CHOLERA- What, How, and Where?
Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by a bacteria Vibrio cholerae, which is gram negative comma shaped rod. The Seventh Cholera pandemic began in 1961, started in Indonesia, spreading rapidly elsewhere in eastern Asia, and from there to India and Bangladesh, the USSR, Iran and Iraq. In 1990s it reached Peru and has spread throughout South and Central America. Vibrio cholerae, biotype El Tor, that is responsible for pandemic is more resistant than the classical vibrio. In 1982 the classical vibrio began to reestablish itself in Bangladesh where, in 1992, a new pandemic began, with a new serotype 0139 (Bengal Vibrio cholerae 0139). Many major cholera pandemics have affected countries across the world. An outbreak of Cholera is often linked to contaminated drinking water. Cholera habitats are in the valley of the Ganges and other great rivers of the Far East where the humidity and the increasing population contribute to the disease.
Cholera can spread quickly in areas where there is poor sanitation and where water supplies are tainted. Food contamination by flies or hand, and shellfish also transmit the infection. The bacterium is part of the flora of slightly salty water and when this water somehow mixes into the drinking supply then an outbreak of cholera can start. The bacteria survive for up to 2 weeks in fresh water and 8 weeks in salt water. The development of an infection from the time the pathogen enters the body until signs or symptoms first appear is from a few hours to 5 days.
The main route of transmission is Fecal- oral. It rarely spreads by person-to-person contact. The bacteria are passed in stools or vomit of the patient with cholera which remains in their feces for up to a fortnight and contribute to the illness. The bacteria multiply in the lumen of the small bowel and are non- invasive. They adhere to the mucosal surface and secrete exotoxin, which stimulates the adenylyl cyclase- adenosine monophosphate pathway of the mucosa which results in an outpouring of small bowel fluid. Upto 15 liters of watery diarrhea may be passed each day.
It causes severe diarrhea without pain followed by vomiting suddenly. Once the fecal content of the gut have been evacuated the typical “rice water” material is passed which consists of clear fluid with flecks of mucus. This enormous loss of fluid from the body leads to severe dehydration and muscle cramps. This intense dehydration is the cause of death particularly among children and elderly, as they are vulnerable to the dangerous dehydration. Some symptomatic cases are hard to distinguish from other illnesses that cause diarrhea. Only one in 10 cases shows the severe symptoms such as dehydration.
Diagnosis is made by stool microscopy and culture so that an outbreak can be brought rapidly under control. Stool culture or rectal swab isolates the bacteria and can be viewed under microscope, the bacteria has a characteristic movement. Clinical diagnosis is usually easy during an epidemic.
Treatment of this condition requires strict barrier nursing, replacing the fluid and salt losses. Normally, rehydration salts are the only treatment given, although severely dehydrated patients may need intravenous fluids. Antibiotics like tetracycline is given, which reduces the fluid loss.
A well-organized response to cholera can reduce death from cholera epidemics. However, the clean water and rehydration salts required are often in short supply in areas where they are needed most. There are two types of oral cholera vaccine but is used only for travelers and is not used at a community hit by cholera. Control of an epidemic is difficult in a community unless clean water supplies can be restored.
Alleviating these severe effects requires only simple measures. Drinking boiled or treated water, cooking practices needs to be made safe where possible and practicable, all food needs to be cooked well and eaten while hot, avoid shell fish, peeling all raw fruits and vegetables. Hand washing after going to the toilet is a vital measure to prevent the spread of the disease.
The establishment of proper sanitation system for proper and hygienic disposal of human waste is a must. Control of water sources contamination, and of population movement and public education are most important in an epidemic.
Cholera can spread quickly in areas where there is poor sanitation and where water supplies are tainted. Food contamination by flies or hand, and shellfish also transmit the infection. The bacterium is part of the flora of slightly salty water and when this water somehow mixes into the drinking supply then an outbreak of cholera can start. The bacteria survive for up to 2 weeks in fresh water and 8 weeks in salt water. The development of an infection from the time the pathogen enters the body until signs or symptoms first appear is from a few hours to 5 days.
The main route of transmission is Fecal- oral. It rarely spreads by person-to-person contact. The bacteria are passed in stools or vomit of the patient with cholera which remains in their feces for up to a fortnight and contribute to the illness. The bacteria multiply in the lumen of the small bowel and are non- invasive. They adhere to the mucosal surface and secrete exotoxin, which stimulates the adenylyl cyclase- adenosine monophosphate pathway of the mucosa which results in an outpouring of small bowel fluid. Upto 15 liters of watery diarrhea may be passed each day.
It causes severe diarrhea without pain followed by vomiting suddenly. Once the fecal content of the gut have been evacuated the typical “rice water” material is passed which consists of clear fluid with flecks of mucus. This enormous loss of fluid from the body leads to severe dehydration and muscle cramps. This intense dehydration is the cause of death particularly among children and elderly, as they are vulnerable to the dangerous dehydration. Some symptomatic cases are hard to distinguish from other illnesses that cause diarrhea. Only one in 10 cases shows the severe symptoms such as dehydration.
Diagnosis is made by stool microscopy and culture so that an outbreak can be brought rapidly under control. Stool culture or rectal swab isolates the bacteria and can be viewed under microscope, the bacteria has a characteristic movement. Clinical diagnosis is usually easy during an epidemic.
Treatment of this condition requires strict barrier nursing, replacing the fluid and salt losses. Normally, rehydration salts are the only treatment given, although severely dehydrated patients may need intravenous fluids. Antibiotics like tetracycline is given, which reduces the fluid loss.
A well-organized response to cholera can reduce death from cholera epidemics. However, the clean water and rehydration salts required are often in short supply in areas where they are needed most. There are two types of oral cholera vaccine but is used only for travelers and is not used at a community hit by cholera. Control of an epidemic is difficult in a community unless clean water supplies can be restored.
Alleviating these severe effects requires only simple measures. Drinking boiled or treated water, cooking practices needs to be made safe where possible and practicable, all food needs to be cooked well and eaten while hot, avoid shell fish, peeling all raw fruits and vegetables. Hand washing after going to the toilet is a vital measure to prevent the spread of the disease.
The establishment of proper sanitation system for proper and hygienic disposal of human waste is a must. Control of water sources contamination, and of population movement and public education are most important in an epidemic.
Wednesday, November 26, 2008
HIV, TB disease, HBV
Men having sex with men (MSMs) of all races are the group most heavily affected by HIV, accounting for 53% of all new infections. The impact of HIV is greater among blacks than any other racial or ethnic group, with an HIV incidence rate that is 7 times higher than that of whites and almost 3 times higher than that of Latinos.
study conducted in 1545 Kenyan men examined if circumcision had any protective efficacy and they were on regular follow-up for 42 months. Overall, there were 27 HIV seroconversions in the circumcised men and 62 in the uncircumcised men, giving a cumulative seroincidence of 2.6% among circumcised men and 7.4% among controls . The relative risk of HIV infection in circumcised men was 0.36, corresponding to a 64% protective effect. In women with HIV disease, the persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was found in 3% of patients despite the absence of concurrent serologic markers of HBV activity, such as hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Occult infection with HBV in HIV-positive women was correlated with higher levels of HBV DNA and lower CD4 counts.
The risk for TB disease following the initiation of antiretroviral therapy in developing countries has found to have a high prevalence of TB coinfection. studies concluded that the potential benefits of antiretroviral therapy generally outweighed the risk for reactivated or newly acquired TB infection.The widespread implementation of isoniazid preventive therapy also known as treatment of latent TB infection is both feasible and effective. There are reports showing higher rates of adverse reactions to Bacille Calmette-Guérin administration in HIV-infected infants.
study conducted in 1545 Kenyan men examined if circumcision had any protective efficacy and they were on regular follow-up for 42 months. Overall, there were 27 HIV seroconversions in the circumcised men and 62 in the uncircumcised men, giving a cumulative seroincidence of 2.6% among circumcised men and 7.4% among controls . The relative risk of HIV infection in circumcised men was 0.36, corresponding to a 64% protective effect. In women with HIV disease, the persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was found in 3% of patients despite the absence of concurrent serologic markers of HBV activity, such as hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Occult infection with HBV in HIV-positive women was correlated with higher levels of HBV DNA and lower CD4 counts.
The risk for TB disease following the initiation of antiretroviral therapy in developing countries has found to have a high prevalence of TB coinfection. studies concluded that the potential benefits of antiretroviral therapy generally outweighed the risk for reactivated or newly acquired TB infection.The widespread implementation of isoniazid preventive therapy also known as treatment of latent TB infection is both feasible and effective. There are reports showing higher rates of adverse reactions to Bacille Calmette-Guérin administration in HIV-infected infants.
Saturday, November 22, 2008
HEREDITARY RISK FOR BREAST CANCER
Everyone carries the BRCA 1 and 2 genes, but it is only when you inherit a faulty copy of the gene that you are at higher risk of developing certain cancers, including breast and ovarian cancer.
If you do inherit a faulty copy of the BRCA gene, you have an up to 80% higher risk of developing breast cancer than other women.
Only 5 to 10% of the 46,000 new cases of breast cancer diagnosed each year are due to genetic causes.
Thursday, November 13, 2008
Lyme disease.
Causative organism is Borrelia burgdorferi.
It’s also called as Lyme borreloisis. Lyme disease is most common vector borne disease in US.
Mode of transmission: Tick bite (vector)
Causes: Lyme diseases.
Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted by bite of an infected black legged tick.
Reserviour of an organisms consist of small mammals like white mouse, blood of birds upon which the tick feeds, ticks usually feeds during summer when there is higher incidence of disease. Tick feeds 24-48 hrs to transmit an infectious dose. Feeds on human who enters into the tick’s wood canal habitat. Organisms spread from bite site through the surrounding skin followed by dissemination via’ the blood to various organs like heart, joint, CNS. Classic symptom is erythema chronicum migrans, an expanding “bull’s eye” red rash with central clearing
There are 3 stages of Lyme diseases.
Stage 1- erthema chronicum migrans, flu- like symptoms.
Stage 2- neurological and cardiac manifestations.
Stage 3- auto immune migrating polyarthritis affecting the large joints of the knee.
Prevention.
-prevention centers on wearing protective clothing, socks and long trousers, avoiding sitting on the grass ,use of insects repellents to the exposed areas of the skin as precaution.
- Examining the skin carefully for tick bite is very important as it feeds for 24-48 hours to transmit an infectious does.
-protection measures for hikers, campers, or those living in tick infested areas.posted by, sanjana
Sunday, August 10, 2008
Broccoli may undo diabetes damage
Eating broccoli could reverse the damage caused by diabetes to heart blood vessels, research suggests.
A University of Warwick team believe the key is a compound found in the vegetable, called sulforaphane. It encourages production of enzymes which protect the blood vessels, and a reduction in high levels of molecules which cause significant cell damage.
Brassica vegetables such as broccoli have previously been linked to a lower risk of heart attacks and strokes.....more news at,
Friday, August 8, 2008
Atopic eczema
Atopic eczema is the most commonest form, affecting as many as 15-20% of school age children, with 1-2% of children with the condition being severely affected. It commonly begins in early childhood, when it can be particularly severe.The pathogenesis of atopic eczema is complex and still incompletely understood. It is best considered as an interplay of genetic susceptibility that causes epidermal barrier dysfunction and abnormal immune responses, which are then stimulated by different environmental factors.
Causes for atopic eczema is multifactoral. It might be genetic or caused by various Potential trigger factors, including irritants (eg, soaps and detergents), skin infections, contact allergens, food allergens, and inhalant allergens. Food allergy can be ruled in, if a children with eczema develop immediate symptoms after ingestion of certain food. In infant and young children if moderate or severe uncontrolled eczema persist despite optimum management food allergy can be considered if particularly associated with vomiting,changes in bowel habits or failure to thrive. Children with eczema and suspected cow's milk allergy should not be given diets based on unmodified proteins such as goat or sheep milk or partially hydrolyzed formulas.
Based on severity of the symptoms, management plans is stepped up or down. Mild eczema is managed with emollients and mild-potency topical corticosteroids. Moderate-severity eczema is managed with emollients, moderate-potency topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, and bandages, in a stepwise approach. For severe eczema, treatment steps, in addition to emollients, may include potent topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, bandages, phototherapy, and systemic therapy.stepwise management, with regular emollients and intermittent topical corticosteroids forming the basis of treatment and topical calcineurin inhibitors being used as second line treatment under a dermatologist.
Children may be offered a choice of unperfumed emollients for daily moisturizing, washing, and bathing, that suites to their needs and preferences.When emollients and other topical treatments are applied at the same time of day, it is best. whenever feasible, apply these one at a time with several minutes between applications. Management includes control not cure. Even when the eczema is clear, emollients should always be used at least twice a day. In severe eczema, use of greasy emollients are best & in less severe eczema, less greasy preparations are more acceptable.
Parents can be sure of eczema flares, if increased dryness, itching, redness, swelling, and general irritability persist for a longer period. Children have dry skin, itching, so emollients are essential to treat dryness as it acts as a barrier. Children with eczema needs distraction from scratching because as skin is dry and itchy, that becomes a problem.The central heating is very drying so turning down may be helpful.Reducing exposure to house dust mite may also be helpful.
Although infantile eczema is very common, most grow out of it before 13 years of age. Parental support is crucial. Atopic eczema does not last for forever, so there is definitely a ray of hope at the end of the tunnel!
Causes for atopic eczema is multifactoral. It might be genetic or caused by various Potential trigger factors, including irritants (eg, soaps and detergents), skin infections, contact allergens, food allergens, and inhalant allergens. Food allergy can be ruled in, if a children with eczema develop immediate symptoms after ingestion of certain food. In infant and young children if moderate or severe uncontrolled eczema persist despite optimum management food allergy can be considered if particularly associated with vomiting,changes in bowel habits or failure to thrive. Children with eczema and suspected cow's milk allergy should not be given diets based on unmodified proteins such as goat or sheep milk or partially hydrolyzed formulas.
Based on severity of the symptoms, management plans is stepped up or down. Mild eczema is managed with emollients and mild-potency topical corticosteroids. Moderate-severity eczema is managed with emollients, moderate-potency topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, and bandages, in a stepwise approach. For severe eczema, treatment steps, in addition to emollients, may include potent topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, bandages, phototherapy, and systemic therapy.stepwise management, with regular emollients and intermittent topical corticosteroids forming the basis of treatment and topical calcineurin inhibitors being used as second line treatment under a dermatologist.
Children may be offered a choice of unperfumed emollients for daily moisturizing, washing, and bathing, that suites to their needs and preferences.When emollients and other topical treatments are applied at the same time of day, it is best. whenever feasible, apply these one at a time with several minutes between applications. Management includes control not cure. Even when the eczema is clear, emollients should always be used at least twice a day. In severe eczema, use of greasy emollients are best & in less severe eczema, less greasy preparations are more acceptable.
Parents can be sure of eczema flares, if increased dryness, itching, redness, swelling, and general irritability persist for a longer period. Children have dry skin, itching, so emollients are essential to treat dryness as it acts as a barrier. Children with eczema needs distraction from scratching because as skin is dry and itchy, that becomes a problem.The central heating is very drying so turning down may be helpful.Reducing exposure to house dust mite may also be helpful.
Although infantile eczema is very common, most grow out of it before 13 years of age. Parental support is crucial. Atopic eczema does not last for forever, so there is definitely a ray of hope at the end of the tunnel!
Thursday, August 7, 2008
Health Consequences of Second Hand Smoke
Second hand smoke is a mixture of smoke that comes from the burning end of the cigarette,cigar or pipe (side stream smoke) and from smoke exhale by smokers (mainstream smoke). This consist of more than 4,000 substances, some are poisonous and causes lung cancer.The impact of second hand smoke on general health is debilitating. It causes premature deaths in children and diseases in non-smoker adults.
Children are at greater risk of being exposed to second hand smoke than adults. In children, it is associated with the initiation and severity of coughs, breathlessness, wheezing, and abdominal disorders.Children are expose from parental smoking and others house hold smokers. Second hand smoke is the 3rd leading cause of preventable death in the US.
When a pregnant women smokes or is a passive smoker, it affects the unborn child resulting in premature delivery of the baby, low birth weight, respiratory tract infections and asthma attacks. Mothers who smoke during pregnancy give birth to a low birth weight baby compared to non-smokers. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and after delivery results in low birth weight & slower growth in early childhood. Children exposed to second hand smoke are at increased risk for bronchitis, pneumonia, ear infection, increased frequency and severity of asthma, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, sinusitis, and behavioral & cognitive disorder and lower pulmonary function test resulting in adulthood.
When a pregnant women smokes or is a passive smoker, it affects the unborn child resulting in premature delivery of the baby, low birth weight, respiratory tract infections and asthma attacks. Mothers who smoke during pregnancy give birth to a low birth weight baby compared to non-smokers. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and after delivery results in low birth weight & slower growth in early childhood. Children exposed to second hand smoke are at increased risk for bronchitis, pneumonia, ear infection, increased frequency and severity of asthma, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, sinusitis, and behavioral & cognitive disorder and lower pulmonary function test resulting in adulthood.
The most common symptom arising from exposure to passive smoking is eye irritation. Parents needs counseling about the danger of child tobacco smoke exposure and the risk associated with smoking behavior. Parental awareness is a must to curb the menace of second hand smoking. Hence, it is a very crucial step to educate parents about the importance of smoking cessation.This can be done by attending a smoking cessation program or by gaining a sense of self willingness to set a quit date or by use of nicotine replacement therapy. The most important factor in determining the success of a smoking cessation program is a desire of individual to quit.
The first step towards building a non-smoking society is by banning smoking in public places. The main advantage is, it helps protect non-smokers from the health risk of passive smoking. People at work or social gatherings will no longer expose to toxic second hand smoke. We can create a smoke free environment by placing 'no smoking' stickers in home and cars, designate a smoking area outside and always ask visitors to smoke outside. Healthy population ensures prosperity and progress.
Saturday, August 2, 2008
Stomach bug treatment for cancer
Eradicating a common bug in people with stomach cancer can prevent the disease from recurring, research suggests. Helicobacter pylori, proved to be the cause of most stomach ulcers, has also been linked with stomach cancer.In a study of 550 people who had stomach cancer surgery, antibiotics which killed the bug cut the risk of a second cancer developing by two-thirds....click & read more....
Thursday, July 31, 2008
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal abnormalities experienced by women during their reproductive years. It is a common problem affecting about 7% of young adults women. Hormonal cycling is disrupted and the ovaries become enlarged. Women with PCOS have follicles in their ovaries, which fail to rupture. Cysts present in ovaries are not harmful but do cause hormonal imbalances. PCOS, though may occur in women without ovarian cysts and is the most common cause of infertility in women. Hormones like androgen is excessively. Normally ovaries make only a tiny amount of this male hormone androgen. Plus, the ratio of LH to FSH is often abnormally high. Levels of LH ratio increases to FSH mainly because of decreased level of FSH.
PCOS is a hormonal condition in which excess testosterone results in irregular ovulation and benign cyst, jeopardizing fertility. It is directly caused by excessive weight gain & obesity brought on by insulin resistance. when a body has problem regulating insulin, insulin resistance occurs. With enhanced obesity,insulin production increases, which in turn increases testosterone level that may trigger PCOS. when a body does not use insulin well, blood glucose level shoots up causing impaired glucose tolerance. Overtime, the chances of getting diabetes increases.
Obesity increases the chances of developing polycystic ovary syndrome. Obesity, thus, is a major risk factor for PCOS and a realistic achievable weight loss can be sufficient to restore regular ovulation and improve fertility in obese women with this disorder. If you are obese, get to a healthy weight. Body weight can affect one's ability to conceive.
In addition to weight, genetics too might have role to play. Although the causes of PCOS is unknown, some women might be genetically more predisposed than others. Researchers say that a combination of genes plays a part in PCOS.
All cases of PCOS might not have all the symptoms. Symptoms tend to be mild at first. Women start having irregular periods, and in some cases, or miss it altogether. Some may have no periods while others may suffer from very heavy bleeding. Studies have shown that menstrual history is an accurate marker for PCOS in both epidemiological and genetic studies. If you have it, sisters and daughters have 50% chance of developing it during their reproductive age.
PCOS is a hormonal condition in which excess testosterone results in irregular ovulation and benign cyst, jeopardizing fertility. It is directly caused by excessive weight gain & obesity brought on by insulin resistance. when a body has problem regulating insulin, insulin resistance occurs. With enhanced obesity,insulin production increases, which in turn increases testosterone level that may trigger PCOS. when a body does not use insulin well, blood glucose level shoots up causing impaired glucose tolerance. Overtime, the chances of getting diabetes increases.
Obesity increases the chances of developing polycystic ovary syndrome. Obesity, thus, is a major risk factor for PCOS and a realistic achievable weight loss can be sufficient to restore regular ovulation and improve fertility in obese women with this disorder. If you are obese, get to a healthy weight. Body weight can affect one's ability to conceive.
In addition to weight, genetics too might have role to play. Although the causes of PCOS is unknown, some women might be genetically more predisposed than others. Researchers say that a combination of genes plays a part in PCOS.
All cases of PCOS might not have all the symptoms. Symptoms tend to be mild at first. Women start having irregular periods, and in some cases, or miss it altogether. Some may have no periods while others may suffer from very heavy bleeding. Studies have shown that menstrual history is an accurate marker for PCOS in both epidemiological and genetic studies. If you have it, sisters and daughters have 50% chance of developing it during their reproductive age.
Forty percent of the adult women with PCOS have impaired glucose tolerance and elevated LDL or bad cholesterol and markedly increased prevalence of a condition called metabolic syndrome. Associated syndromes increase risk for cardiovascular syndrome tremendously.
In other words, health risks associated with PCOS are diabetes, heart diseases, reproductive problems. Infertility is caused by increased androgen, which blocks ovulation. Repeated miscarriages cause is unknown may be due to high insulin level, delayed ovulation or by the quality of egg or how egg attaches to the uterus. The risk for Gestational diabetes is greater in women with PCOS than a normal ovulating women. For pregnant women, PCOS can cause miscarriages, gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnancy induced high blood pressure, pre- eclampsia, increased higher risk of delivery by caeserian section. Endometrial hyperplasia occurs because the uterus lining is not cleared each month due to lack of menstrual cycle. However, birth control pills reduces risk. women with PCOS are at risk of abnormal uterine bleeding and endometrial cancer. skin and hair disorder can be substantial in women with pcos and are physically and psychologically very damaging.
PCOS is mostly diagnosed when a women is having difficulty becoming pregnant. Physical examination ,USG, blood test can help diagnosis this condition.There is no single test to diagnose polycystic ovarian syndrome, diagnosis also depends on past history of the disease. Pelvic ultrasound helps find if there is any cyst on the ovaries (polycystic ovaries). Hormones levels tested for increased androgen level, this increased level of testosterone and androgen blocks ovulation. Test for Prolactin level is done. If increased prolactin level it lacks menstrual cycle or results in infertility. GTT and Insulin level which shows insulin resistance. Test for high blood glucose level, high lipid level. Lipid profile increases in pcos. chemical screening like kidney function test and liver function test. TSH level for thyroid activity. DHEAS or 17-oH progesterone(adrenal gland hormones) may give same symptoms so to exclude pcos. other test includes, checking blood for HCG this excludes pregnancy.
PCOS leads to serious health condition. When it comes to diagnosis, sooner the better. If trying to conceive, treatment regimen can begin with fertility drug like clomiphene. Clomiphene usually induces ovulation, 50-60% conceive in first 6 months of treatment. Those who will not ovulate in response to clomiphene are at increased risk of ovarian hyper-stimulation. Birth control pills can be used if not trying to get pregnant. This combined pills will control bleeding and reduced risk of unopposed estrogen on the endometrium. Unwanted hair growth in body may be treated cosmetically or with an anti-androgen drugs. Cosmetically by use of chemical hair removers or by waxing, tweezing or shaving. Laser hair removal, electrolysis, bleaching is also done. Metformin helps control insulin and blood glucose level.
There is no cure for PCOS, but controlling it lowers your risks for infertility, miscarriages, diabetes, heart disease and uterine cancer. Associated conditions can be managed through medications and lifestyle changes. Low carbohydrate diet might be helpful. Limit foods high in saturated fats(meat, cheese, fried foods). Go for lots of vegetables, fruits, nuts, beans,whole grains.Healthy eating habits is the key treatment for PCOS associated ailments. Loosing weight may help get hormones in balance and regulate menstrual cycle.
Surgery for PCOS isn't necessary. It is recommended only if women doesn't respond to any other treatment. Surgical treatment is occasionally done for women with infertility caused by pcos and who do not ovulate after taking medicine. Ovarian function is improved by reducing the number of small cysts. One of the more common ones is laparoscopic ovarian drilling also called as band-aid surgery because of small incision.This surgical treatment can trigger ovulation in women with PCOS who have not responded to weight loss and fertility medicine. This procedure carries a risk of developing scar tissue on the ovary. This surgery can lower male hormone levels and help with ovulation. But these effects may only last a few months. It is important to treat your PCOS even if not trying to get pregnant. Having pcos results in higher risks for many disease , but if it is treated properly,then those risks are lowered.
In other words, health risks associated with PCOS are diabetes, heart diseases, reproductive problems. Infertility is caused by increased androgen, which blocks ovulation. Repeated miscarriages cause is unknown may be due to high insulin level, delayed ovulation or by the quality of egg or how egg attaches to the uterus. The risk for Gestational diabetes is greater in women with PCOS than a normal ovulating women. For pregnant women, PCOS can cause miscarriages, gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnancy induced high blood pressure, pre- eclampsia, increased higher risk of delivery by caeserian section. Endometrial hyperplasia occurs because the uterus lining is not cleared each month due to lack of menstrual cycle. However, birth control pills reduces risk. women with PCOS are at risk of abnormal uterine bleeding and endometrial cancer. skin and hair disorder can be substantial in women with pcos and are physically and psychologically very damaging.
PCOS is mostly diagnosed when a women is having difficulty becoming pregnant. Physical examination ,USG, blood test can help diagnosis this condition.There is no single test to diagnose polycystic ovarian syndrome, diagnosis also depends on past history of the disease. Pelvic ultrasound helps find if there is any cyst on the ovaries (polycystic ovaries). Hormones levels tested for increased androgen level, this increased level of testosterone and androgen blocks ovulation. Test for Prolactin level is done. If increased prolactin level it lacks menstrual cycle or results in infertility. GTT and Insulin level which shows insulin resistance. Test for high blood glucose level, high lipid level. Lipid profile increases in pcos. chemical screening like kidney function test and liver function test. TSH level for thyroid activity. DHEAS or 17-oH progesterone(adrenal gland hormones) may give same symptoms so to exclude pcos. other test includes, checking blood for HCG this excludes pregnancy.
PCOS leads to serious health condition. When it comes to diagnosis, sooner the better. If trying to conceive, treatment regimen can begin with fertility drug like clomiphene. Clomiphene usually induces ovulation, 50-60% conceive in first 6 months of treatment. Those who will not ovulate in response to clomiphene are at increased risk of ovarian hyper-stimulation. Birth control pills can be used if not trying to get pregnant. This combined pills will control bleeding and reduced risk of unopposed estrogen on the endometrium. Unwanted hair growth in body may be treated cosmetically or with an anti-androgen drugs. Cosmetically by use of chemical hair removers or by waxing, tweezing or shaving. Laser hair removal, electrolysis, bleaching is also done. Metformin helps control insulin and blood glucose level.
There is no cure for PCOS, but controlling it lowers your risks for infertility, miscarriages, diabetes, heart disease and uterine cancer. Associated conditions can be managed through medications and lifestyle changes. Low carbohydrate diet might be helpful. Limit foods high in saturated fats(meat, cheese, fried foods). Go for lots of vegetables, fruits, nuts, beans,whole grains.Healthy eating habits is the key treatment for PCOS associated ailments. Loosing weight may help get hormones in balance and regulate menstrual cycle.
Tuesday, July 15, 2008
Cranberries helps prevent UTI's
Cranberries, blueberries, and the Concord grape are among the few fruits native to North America. A number of related cranberries are found in areas ranging from damp bogs to mountain forests. These plants grow from Alaska to Tennessee as small, trailing evergreen shrubs. Fresh cranberries, which contain the highest levels of beneficial nutrients, are at their peak from October through December, just in time to add their festive hue, tart tangy flavor and numerous health protective effects to your holiday meals. Cranberry is also consumed as food in the form of relish, sauce, jam, or dried berries. The juice in general contains glucose, fructose, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, quinic acid, malic acid, proanthocyanidins, triterpenoids, catechins, lectins, and water. Cranberry has also been reported to have antioxidant and anticancer activity. cranberry is also being taken for its vitamin C and its phytonutrients, including flavonoids such as the proanthocyanidins, which are beneficial antioxidants. Thus, Cranberries can serve as a good source of supplemental antioxidants. studies have shown that cranberries can help prevent urinary tract infections and may reduce the risk of gum disease, stomach ulcers and cancer.
Cranberry is widely used to prevent urinary tract infections. It was originally believed that any benefit from this food was the result of acidification of urine. cranberry does it action by inhibition of adhesion of bacteria (E.coli the most common bacterial cause of UTIs,) to uroepithelial cells by proanthocyanadin, a compound present in cranberry. This anti-adherence action is thought to reduce the ability of the bacteria to cause a UTI.
Other uses of cranberry include treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and prevention of dental plaque.The anti-adhesion properties of cranberry inhibits the bacteria associated with gum disease and stomach ulcers.
cranberry juice and its products significantly reduced recurrent UTI among women with recurrent infections. commercially available cranberry juice products are likely safe in available dosages and as recommended for capsules and tablets in healthy adults. Drinking excessive amounts of juice or higher doses could cause gastrointestinal upset or diarrhea. Recommended doses range from 90 to 480 mL of cranberry cocktail twice daily or 15 to 30 mL of unsweetened 100% cranberry juice daily. Patients with diabetes or glucose intolerance may want to drink sugar-free cranberry juice to avoid a high sugar intake.The concentrate available in frozen form has almost 30 times the strength of the juice. capsule form, 1cap(300 to 400 mg) has hard gelatin concentrated extract or soft gelatin, which contain less cranberry compound, twice daily.
Cranberry juice has interaction with warfarin, with increased risk for bleeding, with increased risk for calcium oxalate renal stones, and with hypersensitivity. In particular, patients with a history of nephrolithiasis should avoid the use of cranberry juice or products because of possible increases in calcium and oxalate concentration. Drinking more than 1 liter per day of cranberry juice may increase the risk of kidney stones in people with a history of oxalate stones.
However, no evidence exists for the efficacy of cranberry for the treatment of UTI and it should not be used as a substitute for antibiotics. Cranberry products alone should not be used to treat acute infection. people with urinary tract infection should see a health care provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. patient should seek treatment with antibiotics for breakthrough UTIs after establishing sensitivity of the infecting organism. If a person wishes to avoid antibiotics, cranberry juice or concentrate would be a sound recommendation to make, with follow-up of frequency of future UTIs. If efficacious, cranberry juice or concentrate may prevent visits to the physician's office for recurrent UTI as well as use of antibiotics and development of microbial resistance.
Cranberry is widely used to prevent urinary tract infections. It was originally believed that any benefit from this food was the result of acidification of urine. cranberry does it action by inhibition of adhesion of bacteria (E.coli the most common bacterial cause of UTIs,) to uroepithelial cells by proanthocyanadin, a compound present in cranberry. This anti-adherence action is thought to reduce the ability of the bacteria to cause a UTI.
Other uses of cranberry include treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and prevention of dental plaque.The anti-adhesion properties of cranberry inhibits the bacteria associated with gum disease and stomach ulcers.
cranberry juice and its products significantly reduced recurrent UTI among women with recurrent infections. commercially available cranberry juice products are likely safe in available dosages and as recommended for capsules and tablets in healthy adults. Drinking excessive amounts of juice or higher doses could cause gastrointestinal upset or diarrhea. Recommended doses range from 90 to 480 mL of cranberry cocktail twice daily or 15 to 30 mL of unsweetened 100% cranberry juice daily. Patients with diabetes or glucose intolerance may want to drink sugar-free cranberry juice to avoid a high sugar intake.The concentrate available in frozen form has almost 30 times the strength of the juice. capsule form, 1cap(300 to 400 mg) has hard gelatin concentrated extract or soft gelatin, which contain less cranberry compound, twice daily.
Cranberry juice has interaction with warfarin, with increased risk for bleeding, with increased risk for calcium oxalate renal stones, and with hypersensitivity. In particular, patients with a history of nephrolithiasis should avoid the use of cranberry juice or products because of possible increases in calcium and oxalate concentration. Drinking more than 1 liter per day of cranberry juice may increase the risk of kidney stones in people with a history of oxalate stones.
However, no evidence exists for the efficacy of cranberry for the treatment of UTI and it should not be used as a substitute for antibiotics. Cranberry products alone should not be used to treat acute infection. people with urinary tract infection should see a health care provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. patient should seek treatment with antibiotics for breakthrough UTIs after establishing sensitivity of the infecting organism. If a person wishes to avoid antibiotics, cranberry juice or concentrate would be a sound recommendation to make, with follow-up of frequency of future UTIs. If efficacious, cranberry juice or concentrate may prevent visits to the physician's office for recurrent UTI as well as use of antibiotics and development of microbial resistance.
Thursday, July 10, 2008
PREVENTING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
STDs have caught on like a wild fire. The cases of STDS are on rise in virtually ever nook and corner of the world. Unprotected sex is the main factor behind the spread of STD and subsequent infections. Social factors that promote spread include: alcohol, leisure, personal freedom, prostitution and ignorance. Although all social groups are vulnerable to the menace of STDs, people at high risk are mainly: sexually active male and female with multiple sex partners, frequent travelers, and commercial sex workers.
It is important to prevent STDs, because it is a serious issue that can lead to infertility and cervical cancer. One out of two sexually active individual will contract genital infection during their lifetime, therefore, safer sexual conduct is paramount to one's sound sexual health and long term well being. As STDs are consequences of unprotected sexual encounters, abstinence although easier said than done, could do the trick. Unfortunately, it is something that is easier to preach than practice. A monogamous relationship can be a way around. Having sex with only one partner at one time, being honest with your partner about sexual history & expecting same from your partner may help prevent spread of infections. Every time you change a partner, you ought to be careful. In case of any doubt, talk to a doctor. You may want to get your partner tested for STDs if he had multiple flings in the past.
During sexual act, taking care off bodily fluid can help reduce the risk of contracting STDs. Latex condoms can be an effective and protective means against transmitting diseases. Condoms, when used correctly can reduce the spread of HIV, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, trichomonasis. They, however, provide limited protection against HPV, & herpes. As always said, that wearing a condom is like wearing a raincoat in a rainy day, you can still get wet. In order for condoms to be effective, it must be used correctly before any sexual contact. Female condoms are not as effective as male condoms when it comes to preventing STDs. It can, however, be used for those allergic to latex.
Unlike condoms, OCP or the IUD provide no respite to infections. Both the partners should talk about being tested for STDs and effective ways to protect oneself. Education is a key to preventing STDs. Regular screening, vaccination and other prevention strategies for all sexual active women are the highest public health priorities. Accurate diagnosis, effective treatment and close follow up to ensure cure can help control STDS.
posted by, sanjana.
It is important to prevent STDs, because it is a serious issue that can lead to infertility and cervical cancer. One out of two sexually active individual will contract genital infection during their lifetime, therefore, safer sexual conduct is paramount to one's sound sexual health and long term well being. As STDs are consequences of unprotected sexual encounters, abstinence although easier said than done, could do the trick. Unfortunately, it is something that is easier to preach than practice. A monogamous relationship can be a way around. Having sex with only one partner at one time, being honest with your partner about sexual history & expecting same from your partner may help prevent spread of infections. Every time you change a partner, you ought to be careful. In case of any doubt, talk to a doctor. You may want to get your partner tested for STDs if he had multiple flings in the past.
During sexual act, taking care off bodily fluid can help reduce the risk of contracting STDs. Latex condoms can be an effective and protective means against transmitting diseases. Condoms, when used correctly can reduce the spread of HIV, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, trichomonasis. They, however, provide limited protection against HPV, & herpes. As always said, that wearing a condom is like wearing a raincoat in a rainy day, you can still get wet. In order for condoms to be effective, it must be used correctly before any sexual contact. Female condoms are not as effective as male condoms when it comes to preventing STDs. It can, however, be used for those allergic to latex.
Unlike condoms, OCP or the IUD provide no respite to infections. Both the partners should talk about being tested for STDs and effective ways to protect oneself. Education is a key to preventing STDs. Regular screening, vaccination and other prevention strategies for all sexual active women are the highest public health priorities. Accurate diagnosis, effective treatment and close follow up to ensure cure can help control STDS.
posted by, sanjana.
Thursday, July 3, 2008
CHLAMYDIA
Chlamydia is the most common STD caused by chlamydia trachomatis. This causes trachoma, non- gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis leading to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). chlamydia psittaci, which causes psittacosis & chlamydia pneumonia,which causes atypical pneumonia. Chlamydia infects lower cervix canal and the urethra. Chlamydia can also be found in the throats of women and men having oral sex with an infected partner.
Symptoms- Often a chlamydia infection causes no symptoms at all. symptoms occur 1-3 weeks after exposure.women having symptoms like an abnormal vaginal discharge or a burning sensation during urination, pain during sex, any unusual sore, odour, discharge from genital and bleeding between menstrual cycle could be an STD infection. If a women has any of these symptoms she should stop having sex and consult a health care provider immediately.Men with symptoms might have discharge from the penis or a burning sensation when urinating. men might also have burning and itching around the opening of the penis.
Transmission- It is transmitted during vaginal, anal or oral sex. Infection can pass from infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. MSM are also at risk of chlamydia infection because they get through oral or anal sex. Infection is transmitted by having sex with a person who has a chlamydia infection.Having sex with a new partner or having multiple sex partners or a person who has had many sex partner are at increase risk of infection. people are at a risk for chlamydia infection if they don't use condom during sexual activity.
Diagnosis- Laboratory test is done. urethritis is confirmed by finding polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a gram stain of urethral secretion. specimen are collected from site such as the urethral meatus,vagina or cervix.
Treatment- Chlamydia infection can be easily treated with antibiotics. All sexual partners should be evaluated, tested & treated. patients with chlamydia should abstain from sexual intercourse until they and their sex partners have completed treatment. Otherwise re-infection is possible and women's are frequently re-infected if their sex partners are not treated. most post-treatment infection are as a result of reinfection and not failed therapy. Re-screening can be performed if reinfection is suspected. Untreated infection can spread into uterus and fallopian tube and causes PID. PID can cause permanent damage to the fallopian tube,uterus and surrounding tissues.The damage can lead to chronic pelvis pain, infertility & fatal ectopic pregnancy.
Prevention- The most reliable way to avoid STD transmission is abstain from sexual contact.For many people cutting down sex is not what they choose so, the best safe way is a long-term monogamous relationship. Screening should be done at least annually for chlamydia among all sexually active women age 25years or younger and other high risk groups. All pregnant women should have antenatal serological testing because a baby born to an infected mother can have chlamydia infection in their eyes called as trachoma. Trachoma is a specific communicable keratoconjunctivitis and is the most common cause of avoidable blindness in the world. It also affects the respiratory tracts causing atypical pneumonia. It is the leading cause of early infant pneumonia and conjunctivitis in new born. Talk with your partner about STD before beginning a sexual relationship. Use condoms with a new partner until you are certain he or she does not have an STD. Female condoms are available for women whose partners will not use a male condom. Never involve sexually with more than one sex partner at a time. The risk for an STD increases as the number of sex partners increases.
Symptoms- Often a chlamydia infection causes no symptoms at all. symptoms occur 1-3 weeks after exposure.women having symptoms like an abnormal vaginal discharge or a burning sensation during urination, pain during sex, any unusual sore, odour, discharge from genital and bleeding between menstrual cycle could be an STD infection. If a women has any of these symptoms she should stop having sex and consult a health care provider immediately.Men with symptoms might have discharge from the penis or a burning sensation when urinating. men might also have burning and itching around the opening of the penis.
Transmission- It is transmitted during vaginal, anal or oral sex. Infection can pass from infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. MSM are also at risk of chlamydia infection because they get through oral or anal sex. Infection is transmitted by having sex with a person who has a chlamydia infection.Having sex with a new partner or having multiple sex partners or a person who has had many sex partner are at increase risk of infection. people are at a risk for chlamydia infection if they don't use condom during sexual activity.
Diagnosis- Laboratory test is done. urethritis is confirmed by finding polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a gram stain of urethral secretion. specimen are collected from site such as the urethral meatus,vagina or cervix.
Treatment- Chlamydia infection can be easily treated with antibiotics. All sexual partners should be evaluated, tested & treated. patients with chlamydia should abstain from sexual intercourse until they and their sex partners have completed treatment. Otherwise re-infection is possible and women's are frequently re-infected if their sex partners are not treated. most post-treatment infection are as a result of reinfection and not failed therapy. Re-screening can be performed if reinfection is suspected. Untreated infection can spread into uterus and fallopian tube and causes PID. PID can cause permanent damage to the fallopian tube,uterus and surrounding tissues.The damage can lead to chronic pelvis pain, infertility & fatal ectopic pregnancy.
Prevention- The most reliable way to avoid STD transmission is abstain from sexual contact.For many people cutting down sex is not what they choose so, the best safe way is a long-term monogamous relationship. Screening should be done at least annually for chlamydia among all sexually active women age 25years or younger and other high risk groups. All pregnant women should have antenatal serological testing because a baby born to an infected mother can have chlamydia infection in their eyes called as trachoma. Trachoma is a specific communicable keratoconjunctivitis and is the most common cause of avoidable blindness in the world. It also affects the respiratory tracts causing atypical pneumonia. It is the leading cause of early infant pneumonia and conjunctivitis in new born. Talk with your partner about STD before beginning a sexual relationship. Use condoms with a new partner until you are certain he or she does not have an STD. Female condoms are available for women whose partners will not use a male condom. Never involve sexually with more than one sex partner at a time. The risk for an STD increases as the number of sex partners increases.
Tuesday, July 1, 2008
BALANCED DIET
Balanced diet means an intake of appropriate and adequate amounts of food and drink, which supplies nutrition and energy for maintenance of body cells, tissues, and organs. "Balanced" simply means a diet that adequately meets the body nutritional needs while not providing any nutrients in excess.
A well balanced diet provides source of energy and nutrition for normal growth and development. Consuming varieties of food is very crucial in achieving a well balanced diet. Different food sources like milk and milk products (cheese, yogurt, milk) meat and meat products (chicken, fish, beef, pork, lamb) legumes (beans and peas), nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables, grains group (breads and cereals) are to be incorporated in our dietary plans.
An unbalanced diet can cause impairment of growth and development. It can also interfere with various body functions such as maintenance of body tissues, brain and nervous tissue function and also with bone and muscles. Balanced diet needs to be well planned. Skipping meal does more harm than good especially, skipping breakfast does no good at all. At least 3 meals each day is highly recommended. While the food we choose/eat should come from variety of food groups. The most important step to stay put on balanced diet is to educate oneself about what the body needs, being knowledgeable of what is eaten and how much, by reading the nutrition label and ingredients of all the food. Healthier way of sticking to balanced diet is by choosing fewer calories and smarter food choices.
Thursday, June 19, 2008
ACNE VULGARIS
It's prevalence is 75% among teenagers and young adults(including some in their 20s and 30s). Acne is caused due to malfunction of your sebaceous gland (skin's oil gland) that leads to over production of sebum. Everyone gets it, you are not alone.Adolescent are distressed, breakdown and even cry with fear of 'ugly face'. Acne can be embarrassing it may even be hard to talk about.Acne is a treatable condition. It is the most common skin condition treated by health care providers. Acne is also called as zits or pimples. It occurs on the face, back and chest ranging from mild to severe. Acne is never your fault, it is influenced by many factors including genetics and hormonal changes or fluctuations.
CAUSATIVE ORGANISM: proprionibacterium acnes.
HOW DOES IT HAPPENS?
-The sex hormone(androgen) stimulates sebum production.
-Excessive sebum production causes blockage of sebaceous follicle outlet.
-Accumulation of keratin and sebum leads to formation of open and closed comedones.(k/a whiteheads and blackheads).
-Bacterial colonization occurs in the trapped sebum.
-Resulting in inflammatory reaction from this colonized sebum causes production of inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules and cysts.
TYPES: Two types of acne vulgaris, (a) Obstructive acne- closed comedones(k\a white heads) & open comedones(k/a black heads)
(b) Inflammatory acne-shows formation of lesions orderly,papules,pustules,nodules, cysts and scars.
TREATMENT:
a) without medicine: Prevention by a good skin care program.
1)Gentle face washing.
2)Avoidance of manipulating acne lesions( like temptation to squeeze or prick at pimples)
3)Use water-based cosmetics only.
4)use oil free moisturizers only.
(b) medical treatment:
*Step1- Begin with benzoyl peroxide gel. Apply it twice a day. Benzoyl peroxide should not be used by pregnant women.
*Step2- Topical tretinoin or adapelene is added.This is usually applied at bedtime. In the initial period, redness & irritation of the face might occur.
*Step3-Topical antibiotics like erythromycin or clindamycin is added. This is used in combination with step1 and 2.
*Step4- systemic antibiotics are added.
Allow 6-8 weeks for the treatment to work before deciding to try another regimen.
COMMON MYTH BELIEVED BY US,
a) Acne is caused by failure to wash dirt and oil is not true. Acne can be made worse by washing too vigorously and causing irritation. Gentle washing is sufficient.
b)'Acne is a normal adolescent problem of no consequences that should be allowed to run its course'. Not true, because the physical & psychological consequences of acne can be cataclysmic. Prompt treatment can prevent severe outbreaks thus avoid physical and emotional scarring.
c)'Unhealthy sexual habits,including masturbation, same sex play or even simple indulgence can cause acne'.This is not true, because sex with wrong person can cause rashes but will not be acne.
d)'Acne vulgaris always clears up after adolescence' is not true because more than 10% of the individuals continue to have this form of acne well into adulthood. Bad news is that acne might not go away even you are in your 20's or 30's.
Take a positive approach by not blaming yourself for your acne. Always remember it's a common and treatable condition. Follow a consistent treatment plan.
CAUSATIVE ORGANISM: proprionibacterium acnes.
HOW DOES IT HAPPENS?
-The sex hormone(androgen) stimulates sebum production.
-Excessive sebum production causes blockage of sebaceous follicle outlet.
-Accumulation of keratin and sebum leads to formation of open and closed comedones.(k/a whiteheads and blackheads).
-Bacterial colonization occurs in the trapped sebum.
-Resulting in inflammatory reaction from this colonized sebum causes production of inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules and cysts.
TYPES: Two types of acne vulgaris, (a) Obstructive acne- closed comedones(k\a white heads) & open comedones(k/a black heads)
(b) Inflammatory acne-shows formation of lesions orderly,papules,pustules,nodules, cysts and scars.
TREATMENT:
a) without medicine: Prevention by a good skin care program.
1)Gentle face washing.
2)Avoidance of manipulating acne lesions( like temptation to squeeze or prick at pimples)
3)Use water-based cosmetics only.
4)use oil free moisturizers only.
(b) medical treatment:
*Step1- Begin with benzoyl peroxide gel. Apply it twice a day. Benzoyl peroxide should not be used by pregnant women.
*Step2- Topical tretinoin or adapelene is added.This is usually applied at bedtime. In the initial period, redness & irritation of the face might occur.
*Step3-Topical antibiotics like erythromycin or clindamycin is added. This is used in combination with step1 and 2.
*Step4- systemic antibiotics are added.
Allow 6-8 weeks for the treatment to work before deciding to try another regimen.
COMMON MYTH BELIEVED BY US,
a) Acne is caused by failure to wash dirt and oil is not true. Acne can be made worse by washing too vigorously and causing irritation. Gentle washing is sufficient.
b)'Acne is a normal adolescent problem of no consequences that should be allowed to run its course'. Not true, because the physical & psychological consequences of acne can be cataclysmic. Prompt treatment can prevent severe outbreaks thus avoid physical and emotional scarring.
c)'Unhealthy sexual habits,including masturbation, same sex play or even simple indulgence can cause acne'.This is not true, because sex with wrong person can cause rashes but will not be acne.
d)'Acne vulgaris always clears up after adolescence' is not true because more than 10% of the individuals continue to have this form of acne well into adulthood. Bad news is that acne might not go away even you are in your 20's or 30's.
Take a positive approach by not blaming yourself for your acne. Always remember it's a common and treatable condition. Follow a consistent treatment plan.
Monday, June 16, 2008
Tuberculosis terror in eastern Nepal
Widespread poverty, lack of awareness and dearth of nutritious food seem to have been responsible for the recent outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) in Dharan district of eastern Nepal. Credible reports point out that over 200 people of 75 households at Devimarg village are infected with TB. Many of those infected are children. Prior to the latest instance, the disease has claimed at least 50 lives in the past 10 years. While the developed countries are battling fatal disease such as cancer and HIV/AIDS, it is shameful that we are still fighting a losing battle against a completely curable disease caused by bacterial infection.
TB is a highly infectious disease that begins with chest pain, persistent cough, gradual weight loss, and in the later phase, even death if left untreated. Worldwide, over two million people die from it each year. The rise in HIV infection, the neglect of TB control programs and the emergence of drug-resistant strains have raised fears of a full-blown worldwide TB epidemic. In this country, TB has always been a fatal disease. According to the National Tuberculosis Center, about 90,000 people in Nepal have one form of TB or another, although the introduction of DOTS--Directly Observed Therapy Short-course--has helped contain the disease to a large extent. The six-month long DOTS treatment has led to a significant decline in TB mortality. However, many hospitals and health posts in TB-affected pockets in the country are devoid of both manpower and medicines. Such districts where the affliction is endemic either lack adequate health workers to instruct people about the need of DOTS, or the people are completely unaware of the DOTS treatment that is available free of cost. Take Devimarg village, for instance. Many people lost their lives because they were unaware of the DOTS clinic that supplies TB medicines without charge, while a few died as they were too poor to afford a nutritious diet and their immune system was too weak to resist the strain of the disease. The recent outbreak of TB provides evidence to the insensitivity and apathy of the government towards public health. A TB outbreak has been recorded in Devimarg village for the past 10 years. However, the government has paid no heed to identifying the victims of the deadly disease and stocking the health posts and hospitals immediately with adequate medicines and health workers. TB is most often the result of poverty, illiteracy and lack of nutritious food. The inhabitants of Devimarg village are poverty-ridden, illiterate and unaware of health issues. Since they are already weakened by malnutrition, their immune system cannot fight back once affected by the disease. If they are not treated in time, they can actually die of the disease. It is the responsibility of the government to educate the uneducated villagers about the need for proper diet and regular medicine intake to combat TB. Taking medicines regularly under the DOTS system alone could reduce TB by more than half.
courtesy: http://www.ekantipur.com/
TB is a highly infectious disease that begins with chest pain, persistent cough, gradual weight loss, and in the later phase, even death if left untreated. Worldwide, over two million people die from it each year. The rise in HIV infection, the neglect of TB control programs and the emergence of drug-resistant strains have raised fears of a full-blown worldwide TB epidemic. In this country, TB has always been a fatal disease. According to the National Tuberculosis Center, about 90,000 people in Nepal have one form of TB or another, although the introduction of DOTS--Directly Observed Therapy Short-course--has helped contain the disease to a large extent. The six-month long DOTS treatment has led to a significant decline in TB mortality. However, many hospitals and health posts in TB-affected pockets in the country are devoid of both manpower and medicines. Such districts where the affliction is endemic either lack adequate health workers to instruct people about the need of DOTS, or the people are completely unaware of the DOTS treatment that is available free of cost. Take Devimarg village, for instance. Many people lost their lives because they were unaware of the DOTS clinic that supplies TB medicines without charge, while a few died as they were too poor to afford a nutritious diet and their immune system was too weak to resist the strain of the disease. The recent outbreak of TB provides evidence to the insensitivity and apathy of the government towards public health. A TB outbreak has been recorded in Devimarg village for the past 10 years. However, the government has paid no heed to identifying the victims of the deadly disease and stocking the health posts and hospitals immediately with adequate medicines and health workers. TB is most often the result of poverty, illiteracy and lack of nutritious food. The inhabitants of Devimarg village are poverty-ridden, illiterate and unaware of health issues. Since they are already weakened by malnutrition, their immune system cannot fight back once affected by the disease. If they are not treated in time, they can actually die of the disease. It is the responsibility of the government to educate the uneducated villagers about the need for proper diet and regular medicine intake to combat TB. Taking medicines regularly under the DOTS system alone could reduce TB by more than half.
courtesy: http://www.ekantipur.com/
Friday, April 11, 2008
NEPAL: AIDS/HIV
In Nepal HIV/AIDS is emerging as one of the major social and economical challenges. The people most affected by HIV/AIDS are those between the ages of 15 and 49.
AIDS may become the leading cause of death in the many working age of 15 and 49 years if an effective response is not taken now. The increasing prevalence of HIV/Aids is pushing our country towards a disaster. People are ignorant they lack information about the critical health consequences of HIV/AIDS. Cases of HIV/AIDS are among sex workers, injecting drug users, clients of sex workers; a small number of cases in housewives and children from vertical transmission.
Political instability in Nepal is leading to increased population mixing following displacement, which may promote high risk behavior sexual violence, increase in the rate of HIV infection in the time of conflict. The trafficking of Nepalese women and young girls to India is a major risk factor for HIV transmission. Every women's are not trafficked. Some has no any options left behind, to fulfill their requirements and responsibility towards families. Poverty drives large numbers of women to become prostitutes & bar girls consciously. Girls trafficked in India after returning to their families and villages are mostly not accepted in the society with respect. They do feel that this will disgrace the village's reputation and no one will marry and will reject others eligible girls. As a result, these victims of trafficking may be forced to keep selling themselves. They may also become pregnant and spread the virus to their babies during pregnancy or birth or through breast-feeding. These smallest victims need to be protected from HIV. With adequate treatment,mother-to-child-transmission is almost entirely preventable. An expectant mother can pass HIV during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. If a pregnant woman is given antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and labor, and her baby gets a dose of medication immediately after birth, the chances of her spreading HIV to the infant can be reduced.
People who suffer are reluctant to discuss such issues because they fear of being marked as disgrace or infamy. One of the most serious and widespread problems is discrimination in the society and in the workplace. Business can play an important role in miniaturizing the socioeconomic costs of AIDS epidemic by enforcing non-discriminatory strategy, educating working classes, and providing medical facilities to HIV positive employees. These implications can help people understand and accept that people with HIV/Aids can live a normal productive life.
The poverty and powerlessness of women in most developing countries are making them increasingly susceptible to AIDS/HIV. Poverty, which forces women to stay with promiscuous, HIV- infected husbands and risk infection for themselves in order to maintain their access to men's economic resources. Most underprivileged societies girls and women do not have the power to reject unwanted or unsafe sex. Poverty and powerlessness among women's is an obstacle that makes reducing prostitution difficult so,the spread of AIDS continues.
Housewives are now becoming one of the vulnerable groups in the country, with the infection rate increasing. Due to the migrant laborers going to India and Middle East and remain away for years.They do have sexual contacts and spread infections to their wives once they are home. Injecting Drug Users forms the population in which HIV poses threat of explosive HIV epidemic. In Nepal wide spread sharing of contaminated injecting needle is the common and a major risk factor for HIV. So,AIDS happens to be the concentrated epidemic within the groups of sex workers and injecting drug users. All these might ultimately lead be a major health problem in Nepal. Government should take action immediately because ignoring such issues can soon increase the number of death from AIDS. If the AIDS epidemic continues to grow Nepal will have to face a tragic situation. MSM those married may put their wives at risk of becoming infected with HIV. Gays risk of acquiring HIV. men having sex with men must be urged to get HIV test regularly so that treatment could be started earlier and reduce the rate of transmission to partners. A late diagnosis increases the likelihood of passing HIV as well as greatly reducing the quality of health & lifestyle of people living with HIV.
Condom awareness plays a vital role in improving sexual health.Enforcing to practice safe sex by using condom with partners is the best way to halt the high numbers of emerging new cases.Young adults who are sexually active must be urged to carry and use condoms. Positive trends in young sexual behaviors like increased use of condoms, delay of sexual debut, and fewer sexual partners. This helps prevent sexually transmitted diseases rising among young people.Passing on Hopes to youths in dealing with emotions & stress, support them and communicate in issues that they cannot discuss with family members because of lack of social acceptance.
Nationalist concerns needs to be strong commitment of the governments, and from our political leaders with actions that would bring political stability and development. AIDS/HIV is also a developmental issue therefore a multi-sectoral approach is a must. A strong coordination and cooperation is necessary from all sectors. Education and health care must be the key government priority. Use of targeted intervention program in recognition of high risk groups from the population. Sexual health services needs to be made easier and faster to reach the people. HIV prevention needs to be focused and persistent reaching to those most at risk of HIV infection. Better prevention could halt its spread by reducing risk of HIV infection among sex workers and their clients, injecting drug users, and homosexuals. Government should march forward to resolve the social and economical cause of this epidemic such as poverty, inequality, stigma, discrimination, sex trafficking of women, illiteracy, and cultural restrictions on discussing sex. Along with all improvements we also need better HIV testing strategies.
AIDS may become the leading cause of death in the many working age of 15 and 49 years if an effective response is not taken now. The increasing prevalence of HIV/Aids is pushing our country towards a disaster. People are ignorant they lack information about the critical health consequences of HIV/AIDS. Cases of HIV/AIDS are among sex workers, injecting drug users, clients of sex workers; a small number of cases in housewives and children from vertical transmission.
Political instability in Nepal is leading to increased population mixing following displacement, which may promote high risk behavior sexual violence, increase in the rate of HIV infection in the time of conflict. The trafficking of Nepalese women and young girls to India is a major risk factor for HIV transmission. Every women's are not trafficked. Some has no any options left behind, to fulfill their requirements and responsibility towards families. Poverty drives large numbers of women to become prostitutes & bar girls consciously. Girls trafficked in India after returning to their families and villages are mostly not accepted in the society with respect. They do feel that this will disgrace the village's reputation and no one will marry and will reject others eligible girls. As a result, these victims of trafficking may be forced to keep selling themselves. They may also become pregnant and spread the virus to their babies during pregnancy or birth or through breast-feeding. These smallest victims need to be protected from HIV. With adequate treatment,mother-to-child-transmission is almost entirely preventable. An expectant mother can pass HIV during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. If a pregnant woman is given antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and labor, and her baby gets a dose of medication immediately after birth, the chances of her spreading HIV to the infant can be reduced.
People who suffer are reluctant to discuss such issues because they fear of being marked as disgrace or infamy. One of the most serious and widespread problems is discrimination in the society and in the workplace. Business can play an important role in miniaturizing the socioeconomic costs of AIDS epidemic by enforcing non-discriminatory strategy, educating working classes, and providing medical facilities to HIV positive employees. These implications can help people understand and accept that people with HIV/Aids can live a normal productive life.
The poverty and powerlessness of women in most developing countries are making them increasingly susceptible to AIDS/HIV. Poverty, which forces women to stay with promiscuous, HIV- infected husbands and risk infection for themselves in order to maintain their access to men's economic resources. Most underprivileged societies girls and women do not have the power to reject unwanted or unsafe sex. Poverty and powerlessness among women's is an obstacle that makes reducing prostitution difficult so,the spread of AIDS continues.
Housewives are now becoming one of the vulnerable groups in the country, with the infection rate increasing. Due to the migrant laborers going to India and Middle East and remain away for years.They do have sexual contacts and spread infections to their wives once they are home. Injecting Drug Users forms the population in which HIV poses threat of explosive HIV epidemic. In Nepal wide spread sharing of contaminated injecting needle is the common and a major risk factor for HIV. So,AIDS happens to be the concentrated epidemic within the groups of sex workers and injecting drug users. All these might ultimately lead be a major health problem in Nepal. Government should take action immediately because ignoring such issues can soon increase the number of death from AIDS. If the AIDS epidemic continues to grow Nepal will have to face a tragic situation. MSM those married may put their wives at risk of becoming infected with HIV. Gays risk of acquiring HIV. men having sex with men must be urged to get HIV test regularly so that treatment could be started earlier and reduce the rate of transmission to partners. A late diagnosis increases the likelihood of passing HIV as well as greatly reducing the quality of health & lifestyle of people living with HIV.
Condom awareness plays a vital role in improving sexual health.Enforcing to practice safe sex by using condom with partners is the best way to halt the high numbers of emerging new cases.Young adults who are sexually active must be urged to carry and use condoms. Positive trends in young sexual behaviors like increased use of condoms, delay of sexual debut, and fewer sexual partners. This helps prevent sexually transmitted diseases rising among young people.Passing on Hopes to youths in dealing with emotions & stress, support them and communicate in issues that they cannot discuss with family members because of lack of social acceptance.
Nationalist concerns needs to be strong commitment of the governments, and from our political leaders with actions that would bring political stability and development. AIDS/HIV is also a developmental issue therefore a multi-sectoral approach is a must. A strong coordination and cooperation is necessary from all sectors. Education and health care must be the key government priority. Use of targeted intervention program in recognition of high risk groups from the population. Sexual health services needs to be made easier and faster to reach the people. HIV prevention needs to be focused and persistent reaching to those most at risk of HIV infection. Better prevention could halt its spread by reducing risk of HIV infection among sex workers and their clients, injecting drug users, and homosexuals. Government should march forward to resolve the social and economical cause of this epidemic such as poverty, inequality, stigma, discrimination, sex trafficking of women, illiteracy, and cultural restrictions on discussing sex. Along with all improvements we also need better HIV testing strategies.
Tuesday, April 1, 2008
Managing common conditions without medication.
We’ve gotten used to taking pills for everything that ails us, but medications have side effects and cost money.Here’s a brief look at the conditions and treatments...read more,
Thursday, March 13, 2008
when uterus falls...
Uterine prolapse remains a significant cause of morbidity and impairment of quality of life. Uterine prolapse can be triggered by difficult, prolonged labor, and delivery,frequent pregnancies, inadequate obstetric care, and carrying heavy weight.
Birth of large babies are the main causes of muscle weakness leading to uterine prolapse.Loss of muscle tone associated with aging and reduced amounts of hormones estrogen after menopause also contribute to uterine prolapse. Although numerous risk factors are involved, high-impact occupational or recreational activities and increasing age are most often implicated. A smoker's cough is prone to make a woman more likely to develop a prolapse, as is being overweight.
Uterine prolapse can lead to significant emotional, physical and sexual complications. Countries where fertility is high and women carry heavy loads on their backs,one out of ten women are estimated to suffer from the condition. Uterine prolapse can limit a woman’s mobility, making her physically incapable to perform routine household chores or reluctant to have sex. Many women who suffer from it are deserted by their husbands and becomes pariah in their own communities.
Sometimes called, a ‘fallen womb’, uterine prolapse is an invigorating condition in which the weakening of supporting pelvic connective tissue and the muscles allows the uterus to descend into the vaginal canal. The bladder or rectum may be pulled downward along with the uterus,causing bladder and bowel control problems.This can add to a marked reduction in the quality of life.
The substantial psychosocial consequences of urinary incontinence stress the need for more public health and medical attention. Mild cases of uterine prolapse sometimes don't cause any symptoms.However, most women do have symptoms,the most common being a sensation of'something coming down below. Leakage of urine, which can be worse with heavy lifting, coughing, laughing or sneezing.Moist discharge that soils your undergarments often. A prolapse that is more advanced can cause chronic back pains, painful sexual intercourse and urinary incontinence. In severe cases of uterine prolapse, you may develop sores in your vagina where the fallen uterus rubs against your thin skin lining your vaginal walls.Bulge of moist pink tissue from the vagina is exposed outside of your body and may be irritated and cause itching or small sores that can bleed.Infection is a possibility.
The best option is to prevent the prolapse in the first place. Performing pelvic floor exercises on a daily basis to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor is recommended. These can be done anywhere and at any time by simply tightening the pelvic floor muscles, as if trying to stop the urine flow.
Although Some women find relief by doing special control exercises (Kegels) to strengthen pelvic muscles,or by taking hormones or by using a pessary to hold the uterus in place.
Once the prolapse is established, it is much more difficult to control symptoms with exercises.
Advanced, severe or complete prolapse usually requires pessary support or surgical treatment.As an option, women with uterine prolapse are opting for the placement of mesh or uterine devices to support the uterus. Because these alternative forms of treatment allow for future pregnancies, they are feasible options to women with uterine prolapse of child bearing age. When not of child bearing age, and when symptoms are significant, a hysterectomy may be the only viable option in treating uterine prolapse and remedy the associated complications.
The primary management of severe uterine prolapse is surgical. A hysterectomy is recommended in more serious cases of uterine prolapse. The procedure that is chosen depends on the woman's age, severity of the symptoms, medical history, desire for future fertility and desire to be able to have sex. The goals are to restore normal anatomy, relieve symptoms, restore normal bowel and bladder function, and restore the ability to have sex.Educating women concerning the possible complications involved with hysterectomy may ease patients' preoperative anxiety and ultimately improve outcomes.
Elderly women or those who don't want to or are unfit to undergo surgical repair may be content to have a ring pessary inserted. It will keep the uterus and the bladder in place without them being able to feel it. The ring is usually changed or removed and washed and replaced every four to six months.
The major problem about prolapse is primarily due to the lack of awareness. Vaginal prolapse cannot be prevented in every case.However, you may be able to decrease your risk of uterine prolapse if you perform Kegel exercises regularly, avoid heavy lifting, and maintain a healthy weight.
collected by,sanjana
Birth of large babies are the main causes of muscle weakness leading to uterine prolapse.Loss of muscle tone associated with aging and reduced amounts of hormones estrogen after menopause also contribute to uterine prolapse. Although numerous risk factors are involved, high-impact occupational or recreational activities and increasing age are most often implicated. A smoker's cough is prone to make a woman more likely to develop a prolapse, as is being overweight.
Uterine prolapse can lead to significant emotional, physical and sexual complications. Countries where fertility is high and women carry heavy loads on their backs,one out of ten women are estimated to suffer from the condition. Uterine prolapse can limit a woman’s mobility, making her physically incapable to perform routine household chores or reluctant to have sex. Many women who suffer from it are deserted by their husbands and becomes pariah in their own communities.
Sometimes called, a ‘fallen womb’, uterine prolapse is an invigorating condition in which the weakening of supporting pelvic connective tissue and the muscles allows the uterus to descend into the vaginal canal. The bladder or rectum may be pulled downward along with the uterus,causing bladder and bowel control problems.This can add to a marked reduction in the quality of life.
The substantial psychosocial consequences of urinary incontinence stress the need for more public health and medical attention. Mild cases of uterine prolapse sometimes don't cause any symptoms.However, most women do have symptoms,the most common being a sensation of'something coming down below. Leakage of urine, which can be worse with heavy lifting, coughing, laughing or sneezing.Moist discharge that soils your undergarments often. A prolapse that is more advanced can cause chronic back pains, painful sexual intercourse and urinary incontinence. In severe cases of uterine prolapse, you may develop sores in your vagina where the fallen uterus rubs against your thin skin lining your vaginal walls.Bulge of moist pink tissue from the vagina is exposed outside of your body and may be irritated and cause itching or small sores that can bleed.Infection is a possibility.
The best option is to prevent the prolapse in the first place. Performing pelvic floor exercises on a daily basis to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor is recommended. These can be done anywhere and at any time by simply tightening the pelvic floor muscles, as if trying to stop the urine flow.
Although Some women find relief by doing special control exercises (Kegels) to strengthen pelvic muscles,or by taking hormones or by using a pessary to hold the uterus in place.
Once the prolapse is established, it is much more difficult to control symptoms with exercises.
Advanced, severe or complete prolapse usually requires pessary support or surgical treatment.As an option, women with uterine prolapse are opting for the placement of mesh or uterine devices to support the uterus. Because these alternative forms of treatment allow for future pregnancies, they are feasible options to women with uterine prolapse of child bearing age. When not of child bearing age, and when symptoms are significant, a hysterectomy may be the only viable option in treating uterine prolapse and remedy the associated complications.
The primary management of severe uterine prolapse is surgical. A hysterectomy is recommended in more serious cases of uterine prolapse. The procedure that is chosen depends on the woman's age, severity of the symptoms, medical history, desire for future fertility and desire to be able to have sex. The goals are to restore normal anatomy, relieve symptoms, restore normal bowel and bladder function, and restore the ability to have sex.Educating women concerning the possible complications involved with hysterectomy may ease patients' preoperative anxiety and ultimately improve outcomes.
Elderly women or those who don't want to or are unfit to undergo surgical repair may be content to have a ring pessary inserted. It will keep the uterus and the bladder in place without them being able to feel it. The ring is usually changed or removed and washed and replaced every four to six months.
The major problem about prolapse is primarily due to the lack of awareness. Vaginal prolapse cannot be prevented in every case.However, you may be able to decrease your risk of uterine prolapse if you perform Kegel exercises regularly, avoid heavy lifting, and maintain a healthy weight.
collected by,sanjana
Sunday, March 2, 2008
MPs issue maternal deaths warning
Up to one million pregnant women worldwide die each year from largely avoidable causes, MPs have warned.
A Commons international development committee report said there was a lack of political will to improve maternal health in developing countries.It warned that for every woman who dies in childbirth in the UK, up to 1,000 die in the poorest countries.....read more
A Commons international development committee report said there was a lack of political will to improve maternal health in developing countries.It warned that for every woman who dies in childbirth in the UK, up to 1,000 die in the poorest countries.....read more
Friday, February 8, 2008
1 Billion Tobacco Deaths This Century?
Massive Death Toll Possible Unless "Urgent Action" Is Taken, Agency Warns...read more
Wednesday, February 6, 2008
Daytime nap boosts memory skills
A day time nap does not hamper sleep at night; instead it boosts a person's declarative memory performance. ...read more
Sunday, February 3, 2008
The new G-spot
Urban Indian women have new playmates-gigolos
I saw him from a distance. Beefcake in a tight T-shirt, he lounged outside a cafe in Juhu, Mumbai, waiting for me. As I moved closer to greet him, the strong fragrance of his perfume made me dizzy.....for more News visit:
http://week.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/theWeekContent.do?contentType=EDITORIAL§ionName=COVER%20STORY&programId=1073755753&BV_ID=@@@&contentId=3522188
I saw him from a distance. Beefcake in a tight T-shirt, he lounged outside a cafe in Juhu, Mumbai, waiting for me. As I moved closer to greet him, the strong fragrance of his perfume made me dizzy.....for more News visit:
http://week.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/theWeekContent.do?contentType=EDITORIAL§ionName=COVER%20STORY&programId=1073755753&BV_ID=@@@&contentId=3522188
Wednesday, January 30, 2008
Sedentary life 'speeds up ageing'
Leading a sedentary lifestyle may make us genetically old before our time,study suggests.A study of twins found those who were physically active during their leisure time appeared biologically younger than their sedentary peer....read more,
Monday, January 21, 2008
Mobiles linked to disturbed sleep.
Using a mobile phone before going to bed could stop you getting a decent night's sleep, research suggests.
Radiation from the handset can cause insomnia, headaches and confusion.It may also cut our amount of deep sleep - interfering with the body's ability to refresh itself.
Radiation from the handset can cause insomnia, headaches and confusion.It may also cut our amount of deep sleep - interfering with the body's ability to refresh itself.
Thursday, January 17, 2008
Calcium pills 'raise heart risk'
calcium supplements may increase the risk of a heart attack in older women, New Zealand research suggests.
visit BBC news/Health for more news,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7187265.stm
Friday, January 11, 2008
Women in Nepal mail condoms to husbands
KATMANDU, Nepal - Women in a Nepal mountain village have been mailing condoms to their husbands working overseas to protect them from sexually transmitted diseases, a news report said Tuesday.
The women of Pang village have been writing their husbands letters urging them not to have sex with others — but they have been enclosing condoms just in case, the Kantipur newspaper reported.
Social workers have been counseling the women about sexually transmitted diseases.
"As I learned that unsafe relations make a person vulnerable to HIV, I sent a condom along with the letters to my husband," one of the village wives, Laxmi Sunar, told the newspaper.
An estimated 3 million people from impoverished Nepal work overseas, most as manual laborers, and send money home to support their families.
courtesy:http://health.yahoo.com/news/ap/nepal_condoms_for_husbands.htmlThursday, January 10, 2008
Dementia drug instant hit claim
US scientists claim a drug can reverse some of the early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease - with the first effects seen within 10 minutes.
The Journal of Neuroinflammation reports how the memory of an 81-year-old man improved sharply after etanercept was injected into his spine.
His wife described it as her husband being "put back to where he was".
But UK experts warned that a single success did not prove that the drug would work for every dementia patient.
An ageing population means a substantial increase in the numbers of people suffering Alzheimer's disease.
Some studies have suggested that too much of a body chemical called tumour necrosis factor-alpha may be at least partly to blame for the advance of the condition.
Etanercept, which is licensed for use as a rheumatoid arthritis drug, works to block this body chemical.
click the link for more news,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7179060.stm
The Journal of Neuroinflammation reports how the memory of an 81-year-old man improved sharply after etanercept was injected into his spine.
His wife described it as her husband being "put back to where he was".
But UK experts warned that a single success did not prove that the drug would work for every dementia patient.
An ageing population means a substantial increase in the numbers of people suffering Alzheimer's disease.
Some studies have suggested that too much of a body chemical called tumour necrosis factor-alpha may be at least partly to blame for the advance of the condition.
Etanercept, which is licensed for use as a rheumatoid arthritis drug, works to block this body chemical.
click the link for more news,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7179060.stm
Tuesday, January 8, 2008
Unsafe sex 'triggers' more disease
Complacency over safe sex is being blamed for a dramatic rise in cases of sexually transmitted diseases.
According to government figures diagnoses have hit a 10 year high with rates of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in particular rising dramatically since 1995.
click the link for more news,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1070235.stm
Circumcision 'does not curb sex'
Circumcision does not reduce sexual satisfaction and so there should be no reservations about using this method as a way to combat HIV, a study says.
Nearly 5,000 Ugandan men were recruited for the study. Half were circumcised, half had yet to undergo surgery.
There was little difference between the two groups when they were asked to rate performance and satisfaction, the journal BJU International reports.
Some studies suggest circumcision can cut male HIV infection by up to 50%.
There are several reasons why circumcision may protect against the virus.
Specific cells in the foreskin may be potential targets for HIV infection, while the skin under the foreskin may become less sensitive and less likely to bleed - reducing risk of infection - following circumcision.
Mixed picture
But despite this, it is thought there is some reluctance to be circumcised over fears that it may impact upon sexual experience.Previous studies into circumcision and satisfaction have given a mixed picture.
But researchers from the Johns Hopkins University in the US say the size of their study and demographic profile of their participants made it one of the most reliable to date.
"Our study clearly shows that being circumcised did not have an adverse effect on the men who underwent the procedure when we compared them with the men who had not yet received surgery," said Professor Ronald Gray, who led the study.
"Other studies already show that being able to reassure men that the procedure won't affect sexual satisfaction or performance makes them much more likely to be circumcised."
Mixed armoury
While there were very slight differences in rates of sexual satisfaction between the two groups, these were not felt to be clinically significant.
Some 98.4% of the circumcised men reported satisfaction, compared to 99.9% in the control group.
In terms of ability to penetrate, 98.6% of the circumcised group reported no problem, compared with 99.4 of the non-circumcised group.
However marginally more circumcised men - 99.4% - reported that they had no pain during intercourse, compared with 98.8% of the other group.
But campaigning charities warned against using circumcision as the main weapon against HIV, noting that it was far from 100% effective.
Deborah Jack, chief executive of the National Aids Trust, said: "There is a fear that people that have been circumcised will feel they are protected from HIV when they are not.
"Condoms remain the best way of preventing HIV through sexual intercourse.
"It should be noted that research into HIV and circumcision has been very limited in its scope.
"We still need further research into new prevention methods from circumcision to microbicides and vaccines."
courtesy:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7174929.stm
Sunday, January 6, 2008
Humour 'comes from testosterone'
Men are naturally more comedic than women because of the male hormone testosterone, an expert claims.
Men make more gags than women and their jokes tend to be more aggressive, Professor Sam Shuster, of Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, says.
The unicycling doctor observed how the genders reacted to his "amusing" hobby.
Women tended to make encouraging, praising comments, while men jeered. The most aggressive were young men, he told the British Medical Journal.
Previous findings have suggested women and men differ in how they use and appreciate humour.
Women tend to tell fewer jokes than men and male comedians outnumber female ones.
Aggressively funny
Research suggests men are more likely to use humour aggressively by making others the butt of the joke.
And aggression - generally considered to be a more masculine trait - has been linked by some to testosterone exposure in the womb.
Professor Shuster believes humour develops from aggression caused by male hormones.
He documented the reaction of over 400 individuals to his unicycling antics through the streets of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Almost half of people responded verbally - more being men.Very few of the women made comic or snide remarks, while 75% of the men attempted comedy - mostly shouting out "Lost your wheel?", for example.
Mocking and sneering
Often the men's comments were mocking and intended as a put-down. Young men in cars were particularly aggressive - they lowered their windows and shouted abusively.
This type of behaviour decreased among older men however, who tended to offer more admiring comments, much like the women.
"The idea that unicycling is intrinsically funny does not explain the findings," said Professor Shuster.
The simplest explanation, he says, is the effect of male hormones such as testosterone.
"The difference between the men and women was absolutely remarkable and consistent," said Professor Shuster.
"At 11-13 years, the boys began to get really aggressive.Into puberty, the aggression became more marked, then it changed into a form of joke. The men were snide."
The initial aggressive intent seems to become channelled into a more subtle and sophisticated joke, so the aggression is hidden by wit, explained Professor Shuster.
Dr Nick Neave is a psychologist at the University of Northumbria who has been studying the physical, behavioural, and psychological effects of testosterone.
He suggested men might respond aggressively because they see the other unicycling man as a threat, attracting female attention away from themselves.
"This would be particularly challenging for young males entering the breeding market and thus it does not surprise me that their responses were the more threatening."
Saturday, January 5, 2008
Does milk really do a body good?
A nutritionist investigates the claims about the beverage
By Alan Aragon, M.S.
updated 8:22 a.m. ET, Fri., Jan. 4, 2008
“Milk is a deadly poison," according to the Dairy Education Board. In fact, if you peruse this special interest group's Web site, notmilk.com, you'll find dozens of articles about the purported evils of this popular beverage. One claim, for example, is that milk from cows contains cancer-causing hormones and dairy industry dollars have kept that fact bottled up. All of which may leave you second-guessing your next sip.
However, as a nutritionist, I've found that most people thrive on milk, whether their goal is to lose fat or build muscle. So to be sure it's safe, I've investigated all the anti-milk claims, sifting through the research while also turning a critical eye to pro-milk propaganda. After all, the only agenda I have is my clients' health. The result: all your milk questions, answered.
Is milk really a fat-burning food?Maybe. In a 6-month study, University of Tennessee researchers found that overweight people who downed three servings a day of calcium-rich dairy lost more belly fat than those who followed a similar diet minus two or more of the dairy servings. In addition, the researchers discovered that calcium supplements didn't work as well as milk. Why? They believe that while calcium may increase the rate at which your body burns fat, other active compounds in dairy (such as milk proteins) provide an additional fat-burning effect. Of course, the key to success is following a weight-loss diet to begin with. After all, downing your dairy with a box of doughnuts is no way to torch your gut.
Does it build muscle?Absolutely. In fact, milk is one of the best muscle foods on the planet. You see, the protein in milk is about 80 percent whey and 20 percent casein. Both are high-quality proteins, but whey is known as a "fast protein" because it's quickly broken down into amino acids and absorbed into the bloodstream. That makes it a very good protein to consume after your workout. Casein, on the other hand, is digested more slowly. So it's ideal for providing your body with a steady supply of smaller amounts of protein for a longer period of time — like between meals or while you sleep. Since milk provides both, one big glass gives your body an ideal combination of muscle-building proteins.
Cows are given hormones. Doesn't that make their milk unhealthy?Not unless you're injecting the milk. Here's the full story: In 1993 the FDA approved the use of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) in cattle. This practice resulted in greater milk production at less cost to the dairy farmer, a savings that has been passed on to you at your local supermarket. But it has also sparked much controversy, because rBGH boosts milk's concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF), a hormone that's been linked to cancer.
Unlike steroid hormones, which can be taken orally, rBGH and IGF must be injected to have any effect. That's because the process of digestion destroys these "protein" hormones. So drinking milk from hormone-treated cows doesn't transfer the active form of these chemicals to your body. However, there is one ethical downside to consider: It's not good for the cows. Canadian researchers discovered that cows given hormones are more likely to contract an udder infection called mastitis.
What about antibiotics?No one really knows. Some scientists argue that milk from cows given antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance in humans, making these types of drugs less effective when you take them for an infection. But this finding has never been proved.
If you're uneasy, you can purchase antibiotic-free (and typically hormone-free, as well) milk from specialty grocers, such as Trader Joe's or Whole Foods, or select USDA-certified organic milk, which is available at most supermarkets.
Skim or whole?It depends on your taste. While you've probably always been told to drink reduced-fat milk, the majority of scientific studies show that drinking whole milk actually improves cholesterol levels, just not as much as drinking skim does. One recent exception: Danish researchers found that men who consumed a diet rich in whole milk experienced a slight increase in LDL cholesterol (six points). However, it's worth noting that these men drank six 8-ounce glasses a day, an unusually high amount. Even so, their triglycerides — another marker of heart-disease risk — decreased by 22 percent.
The bottom line: Drinking two to three glasses of milk a day, whether it's skim, 2 percent, or whole, lowers the likelihood of both heart attack and stroke — a finding confirmed by British scientists.
If you're dieting, the lower-fat option is an easy way to save a few calories. When it comes to building muscle, though, whole milk may be your best choice: Scientists at the University of Texas medical branch in Galveston found that drinking whole milk after lifting weights boosted muscle protein synthesis — an indicator of muscle growth — 2.8 times more than drinking skim did.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22349307/
By Alan Aragon, M.S.
updated 8:22 a.m. ET, Fri., Jan. 4, 2008
“Milk is a deadly poison," according to the Dairy Education Board. In fact, if you peruse this special interest group's Web site, notmilk.com, you'll find dozens of articles about the purported evils of this popular beverage. One claim, for example, is that milk from cows contains cancer-causing hormones and dairy industry dollars have kept that fact bottled up. All of which may leave you second-guessing your next sip.
However, as a nutritionist, I've found that most people thrive on milk, whether their goal is to lose fat or build muscle. So to be sure it's safe, I've investigated all the anti-milk claims, sifting through the research while also turning a critical eye to pro-milk propaganda. After all, the only agenda I have is my clients' health. The result: all your milk questions, answered.
Is milk really a fat-burning food?Maybe. In a 6-month study, University of Tennessee researchers found that overweight people who downed three servings a day of calcium-rich dairy lost more belly fat than those who followed a similar diet minus two or more of the dairy servings. In addition, the researchers discovered that calcium supplements didn't work as well as milk. Why? They believe that while calcium may increase the rate at which your body burns fat, other active compounds in dairy (such as milk proteins) provide an additional fat-burning effect. Of course, the key to success is following a weight-loss diet to begin with. After all, downing your dairy with a box of doughnuts is no way to torch your gut.
Does it build muscle?Absolutely. In fact, milk is one of the best muscle foods on the planet. You see, the protein in milk is about 80 percent whey and 20 percent casein. Both are high-quality proteins, but whey is known as a "fast protein" because it's quickly broken down into amino acids and absorbed into the bloodstream. That makes it a very good protein to consume after your workout. Casein, on the other hand, is digested more slowly. So it's ideal for providing your body with a steady supply of smaller amounts of protein for a longer period of time — like between meals or while you sleep. Since milk provides both, one big glass gives your body an ideal combination of muscle-building proteins.
Cows are given hormones. Doesn't that make their milk unhealthy?Not unless you're injecting the milk. Here's the full story: In 1993 the FDA approved the use of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) in cattle. This practice resulted in greater milk production at less cost to the dairy farmer, a savings that has been passed on to you at your local supermarket. But it has also sparked much controversy, because rBGH boosts milk's concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF), a hormone that's been linked to cancer.
Unlike steroid hormones, which can be taken orally, rBGH and IGF must be injected to have any effect. That's because the process of digestion destroys these "protein" hormones. So drinking milk from hormone-treated cows doesn't transfer the active form of these chemicals to your body. However, there is one ethical downside to consider: It's not good for the cows. Canadian researchers discovered that cows given hormones are more likely to contract an udder infection called mastitis.
What about antibiotics?No one really knows. Some scientists argue that milk from cows given antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance in humans, making these types of drugs less effective when you take them for an infection. But this finding has never been proved.
If you're uneasy, you can purchase antibiotic-free (and typically hormone-free, as well) milk from specialty grocers, such as Trader Joe's or Whole Foods, or select USDA-certified organic milk, which is available at most supermarkets.
Skim or whole?It depends on your taste. While you've probably always been told to drink reduced-fat milk, the majority of scientific studies show that drinking whole milk actually improves cholesterol levels, just not as much as drinking skim does. One recent exception: Danish researchers found that men who consumed a diet rich in whole milk experienced a slight increase in LDL cholesterol (six points). However, it's worth noting that these men drank six 8-ounce glasses a day, an unusually high amount. Even so, their triglycerides — another marker of heart-disease risk — decreased by 22 percent.
The bottom line: Drinking two to three glasses of milk a day, whether it's skim, 2 percent, or whole, lowers the likelihood of both heart attack and stroke — a finding confirmed by British scientists.
If you're dieting, the lower-fat option is an easy way to save a few calories. When it comes to building muscle, though, whole milk may be your best choice: Scientists at the University of Texas medical branch in Galveston found that drinking whole milk after lifting weights boosted muscle protein synthesis — an indicator of muscle growth — 2.8 times more than drinking skim did.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22349307/
Friday, January 4, 2008
Osteoarthritis Risk: Handy Finding
Finger Length Could Be a Clue About Your Osteoarthritis Odds
Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD
Jan. 3, 2008 -- Is your ring finger longer than your index finger? That may show a risk for knee osteoarthritis, especially in women, a British study shows.
Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. In osteoarthritis, the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones within joints gradually wears away. It can affect almost any joint in the body but commonly involves the weight-bearing joints: the knees, hips, and spine.
Osteoarthritis becomes more common with age and extra weight. Finger length may also be a risk factor, according to the new British study.
It's not about whether your fingers are long or short. Instead, it's about the ratio between the length of your index finger (the second finger, counting from the thumb) and your ring finger (the fourth finger).
Handful of Osteoarthritis Risk
The British study included more than 2,000 people with severe knee and/or hip osteoarthritis and more than 1,100 people without knee or hip osteoarthritis.
The researchers, based at England's University of Nottingham, eyeballed the length of participants' ring and index fingers, following up with hand X-rays for precise measurements.
The key finding: People whose index finger was shorter than their ring finger were about twice as likely to have knee osteoarthritis, compared with other participants.
That pattern was stronger for women than for men. Among women, those with an index finger shorter than their ring finger were three times more likely to have knee osteoarthritis.
The finding may also be true for hip osteoarthritis, but because most participants with hip arthritis also had knee osteoarthritis, it was hard for the researchers to confirm that.
Other osteoarthritis risk factors -- including age, sex, BMI (body mass index, which relates height to weight), previous joint injuries, and physical activity -- didn't explain the results.
Rheumatology professor Michael Doherty, MD, and colleagues aren't sure how to explain their findings. They note that men are more likely than women to have index fingers that are shorter than ring fingers, so hormonal factors may be involved, but that's not certain.courtesy:http://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/news/20080103/osteoarthritis-risk-handy-finding
Thursday, January 3, 2008
Stomach bug sweeping the country
People struck down by a stomach bug sweeping the UK have been urged not to go back to work.
Doctors estimate more than 100,000 people a week are catching norovirus, which causes diarrhoea and vomiting.
Workers need to remain at home for 48 hours after the symptoms have gone and stay away from surgeries and hospitals, the Royal College of GPs warned.
The Health Protection Agency confirmed the number of cases this year is the highest since 2002.
Norovirus - also known as winter vomiting disease - is the most common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in the UK.
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Illness can occur at any age because immunity to it is not long-lasting.
It is not normally dangerous but the very young and very old are most at risk of complications from dehydration.
The bug can be spread by contact with an infected person, through contaminated food or water or by contact with contaminated surfaces or objects.
Outbreaks are common in hospitals, nursing homes, schools and cruise ships.
'Stay home'
Professor Steve Field, chair of the Royal College of GPs said its surveillance unit in Birmingham had confirmed the number of cases was the highest in five years.
He said the number of new cases each week may even top 200,000 across the UK.
"Surgeries and hospitals have been swamped with people wanting advice."
He advised those affected to stay at home, drink lots of fluids and take paracetamol.
"Wash your hands regularly so you don't infect anyone else and stay at home two days after the symptoms have gone."
Dr Darren Simpson, a GP in Bradford said they had seen a large number of people with norovirus in recent weeks.
"Very few people follow the advice of staying away from work however due to unsympathetic and often nagging bosses.
"It's the worst time of year to catch it as a lot of places are understaffed due to leave and bank holidays so there is increased pressure to attend work if you can."
In December, the Health Protection Agency warned the norovirus season had started particularly early.
They estimate that in epidemic seasons, noroviruses may cost the NHS in excess of £100m per year.
In 2007, the number of cases reported to the HPA in England and Wales from early September to early December were double those seen in 2006 - 1,325 compared with 685.
The actual number of cases is much higher as most are not reported - perhaps as much as 1,500-fold.
NHS Direct said calls about vomiting and abdominal pain had been the number two reason for people calling over the Christmas period - in keeping with reports of increased rates of norovirus.
A total of 1,122,874 people contacted the NHS helpline over the 11-day Christmas and New Year period - a 61% increase on last year.
Dr Mike Sadler, NHS Direct chief operating officer, said: "Call patterns have been markedly different from our previous experience."
courtesy:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7169347.stmWednesday, January 2, 2008
Teen birth rates increase locally and across nation: East County shows largest spikes as more youngsters are deciding to carry babies to term
Paula King
Jan 02, 2008 (Contra Costa Times - McClatchy-Tribune Information Services via COMTEX) --
Eighteen-year-old Chelsea Thompson sleeps in the dining room of her cousin's home.
Some days it is a struggle to get out of bed, but she says her 6-month-old son has changed her life for the better.
"He saved me. I grew up as soon as I became a parent," she said. "I get my strength from him."
Jan 02, 2008 (Contra Costa Times - McClatchy-Tribune Information Services via COMTEX) --
Eighteen-year-old Chelsea Thompson sleeps in the dining room of her cousin's home.
Some days it is a struggle to get out of bed, but she says her 6-month-old son has changed her life for the better.
"He saved me. I grew up as soon as I became a parent," she said. "I get my strength from him."
The national teen birth rate risen for the first time in 14 years, and Thompson is among a growing number of adolescents who carry their babies to term and raise them on their own.
Six Contra Costa County communities have teen birth rates that are significantly higher than the county average, according to a recent study by Contra Costa Health Services.
More than half of those are in East County, including Pittsburg, Bay Point, Antioch and Oakley.
Oakley saw a teen birth rate of 32.8 of 1,000 from 2002-04, and Antioch's rate was 31.9 births per 1,000 teens during the same period, according to the county study.
The incidence of teen births in Pittsburg and Bay Point was 56.8 per 1,000.In December, national studies found that teen births rose 3 percent from 2005 to 2006. The last time the United States saw such a sharp increase was 1991.
Thompson says she doesn't think this is happening because girls lack sexual education or access to birth control.
The teen said she went to a clinic to get birth control and found out she was seven weeks pregnant -- by a boyfriend who had told her he was unable to father children.
The couple broke up seven months
into the pregnancy. He lives in Texas and has never met his child.
"There is plenty of information out there about birth control, but we just didn't listen to it," Thompson said.
While trying to finish high school through the Liberty Union High School District's independent study program, Thompson also attends a special class for teens who are pregnant or raising children.
Some of her classmates say their boyfriends told them they were sterile. Others insist that birth control pills make them sick, and they dislike needles or injections.
Angela Poirier, 17, says she would advise other teens to abstainor use birth control. Sexually active teens also should be sure they are ready to become parents, she adds.Although Poirier considered abortion, she chose to keep her newborn. Like many teens, she says adoption was never an option.
"I didn't really want to kill a living thing, and I didn't want to put another child out there without a parent," Poirier said. "I think that more teens are having their babies because it is them getting pregnant and it is not the baby's fault."
Planned Parenthood Regional Director Robin Poppino-Kuntz says there is insufficient access to birth control and sexual health information for teens these days.
Within the Liberty district's high schools, freshmen are taught sexual education in a semesterlong health class that also covers nutrition and other health issues.
Attitudes toward adoption haven't changed in recent years, Poppino-Kuntz adds.
"Almost nobody wants to look at adoption as an option," she said. "Usually we see about half and half -- half of pregnant teens choosing parenting and the other half opting for abortion."
Birthright, a crisis pregnancy clinic in downtown Brentwood, has a dozen teens, on average, stop by each month for counseling and free pregnancy tests.
Many are 17- and 18-year-olds from Antioch, Oakley and Discovery Bay, co-director Deena Foley said.
Most have parents who oppose abortion and premarital sex, so they feel they don't have anyone with whom they can discuss their options, she added.
"I've been where they have been. I know what it is like to struggle," said Foley, once a teenage mother herself.
In Contra Costa County, girls in the 15- to 19-year-old age bracket accounted for 2,510 births from 2002 to 2004.
The county's teen birth rate is 23.8 per 1,000 teens, which is lower than the statewide average of 39.6.
More than half of these births were to Latinas, who hold the highest teen birth rate and largest percentage of teen births, according to the county study.
"Many of the Latino girls we see are devout Catholics. They have many concerns about abortion," Foley said.
Oakley's St. Anthony Catholic Church said it has seen only a few pregnant teens in its congregation. Joann Mass, the business manager, said teen pregnancy doesn't seem to have as much of a stigma as in the past and that teens' parents are more supportive of their daughters now.
Latinos are the largest ethnic group in which the birth rate continues to rise, according to Susan Philliber, a senior partner at New York's Philliber Research Associates.
Latino families that recently immigrated to the United States don't typically talk to their children about sex or contraception, so young people usually get wrong information from their peers, Philliber says.
"Once she gets pregnant, the family embraces her. The Latino family structure is strong and the father is more likely to be involved," she said. "It is unthinkable in newly immigrant homes that a female teen would use contraception."
Latinos comprise one-fourth of Oakley's growing population. Some community groups have identified teen pregnancy as an ongoing problem in the small city.
Overall, Latinas have a higher rate of unplanned pregnancies because they come from lower-income families, Poppino-Kuntz says.
"You have to consider social class and economic background. Abortion is still prevalent on American college campuses," Philliber said. "What happens is that the poorest girls are carrying babies to term while other girls often have abortions."
Girls growing up in affluent homes are more career-oriented and less willing to raise children out of wedlock, she said.
At first, relatives and other adults tried to persuade 16-year-old Jacqui Zelaya to have an abortion or give her baby up for adoption.
She later moved from Los Angeles to live with her sister in Brentwood. Zelaya says people's attitudes changed when she learned through an ultrasound that she was carrying a boy.
Today, her family adores 7-month-old Jayden, and Zelaya is determined to care for him.
"I couldn't give him up," she said. "You don't know what that child will become. (He) could be the next president."
Zelaya and Jayden's father broke up during the pregnancy. He still lives in Los Angeles but remains involved in his son's life.
On the other hand, Vanessa Morales waited until she was five months pregnant to tell her parents, who have supported her financially and emotionally since.
The 16-year-old gave birth Dec. 2. A few weeks prior, Morales was eagerly anticipating motherhood.
"I'm not scared. I'm just really excited," Morales said. "Some people think if you have a baby at this age, your life is over. If you have enough support, it will be OK."
The East County resident plans to get a restaurant job shortly after giving birth and start beauty school next summer. Morales' ultimate goal is to open her own salon.
The county study showed a direct relationship between teen births and poverty, lack of parenting education and family planning, and previous pregnancies.
Teen parents often find it tougher to continue their education, find productive work and become self-sufficient, according to the study.
Meanwhile, there are the daily challenges of motherhood: Now it takes Poirier longer to get ready for the day, and she must squeeze homework into an already hectic schedule.
She lives with her parents and wants to continue her education after high school once Sophie is in day care. The baby's 15-year-old father is no longer involved in their lives, but the county may pursue some type of support from him for Sophie's medical expenses.
"She is a reminder of him. I wish he was in my life and her life," Poirier said.
After enduring a traumatic childhood, Thompson says her top priority is to raise her son with love. She doesn't have a job, but she is working toward her high school diploma. She has hopes of becoming a secretary or kindergarten teacher.
Although she tries to stay focused, depression sometimes overwhelms her.
"Babies are very dependent," Thompson said. "I keep telling myself it is going to get easier.
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