It contains 4,700 chemical compositions, of which 43 are known carcinogens. Out of these carcinogen, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (such as 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN)), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzo[a]pyrene) and aromatic amines (such as 4-aminobiphenyl) are the ones that play an important role in causing of cancer. Nicotine and carcinogens are two factors, whose combination leads to 30% of cancer-related deaths in developed countries. Heavy smoking habit parallels the rise in cancer. 1.1billions smokers are estimated world wide. Smoking is now an equal opportunity killer among peoples living in both developing and developed countries. Smoking is responsible for fully 30% of all cancer related deaths. Nicotine is not carcinogenic, but it is addictive and toxic. It is the addiction of nicotine that makes people use tobacco products, which contains various kinds of carcinogens.
Impacts of smoking on health are reflective of rate of lung cancer.
Exposure route and impacts
Exposure can result from:
a) Active smoking- tobacco smoke in environment is derived from either main stream smoke (exhale smoke).
b) Passive smoking – smoke arising from burning end of cigarette and exposure to this smoke is side stream smoke. Non-smokers are exposed in work places, public transport and indoor spaces.
Older people with weak immune system and people that are addicted to tobacco products are more exposed to carcinogenic affects of tobacco.
Impacts of smoking manifest in the form of several diseases. The diseases that are directly linked to inhalation of carcinogens in cigarette smoke are:
a) Cancer of lung, mouth, larynx, esophagus, uterine cervix, breast, stomach. Smoking increases the risk of breast cancer in women who used tobacco at an early age.
b) Respiratory disease – emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, bacterial pneumonia, tubercular pneumonia.
c) Cardiovascular diseases- coronary artery disease, hypertension, aortic aneurysm, stroke.
d) Pregnant women’s and infant health are also affected by smoking. An adverse impact of maternal smoking causes pregnancy complications and birth defects. Intra uterine growth retardation, spontaneous abortion, fetal and neonatal death, and abruption of placenta, premature rupture of membrane, preeclampsia, congenital malformation, low-birth weight, and recurrent respiratory infection in children. Passive smoking causes asthma, bronchitis, ear infections and pneumonia, in infants and children. Eye irritation is common when exposed to passive smoking. It aggravates allergies. Increased risk for lung cancer and coronary artery disease develops in people who live in close contact with the smokers.
Risk Reduction:
Risk declines only with complete cessation of smoking. Important factor for cessation of smoking is the desire of an individual to quit. Smokers that quit live longer than those who continue smoking. However, quitters too are at a higher risk for certain type of cancer than people who never use tobacco.
In order to substantially reduce smoking rates, governments can adopt a comprehensive approach to tobacco control, which should include a range of measures such as: (a) a total ban on tobacco advertising and promotion (b) restrictions on smoking in public places and in the workplace (c) sustained increases in tobacco taxation (d) bold health warnings on tobacco products (e) smoking cessation and health education campaigns (f) Protecting nonsmokers through restriction laws in work places, public transport and indoor public spaces. Public awareness campaigns should be made priority. It increases awareness and helps decline many adverse health impacts of tobacco use.
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
Labels
abstain from sex
acid-fast bacilli
acne
acne vulgaris
active
Active tuberculosis
Acute respiratory Infections
AFB
age spots
ageing population
aggression
AIDS
allergy to cow milk
American
and Proteus
androgen
Anencephaly
antibiotics
antioxidant treatment vitamin c and E
antioxidants
ARI
arthritis
artichoke
artichoke is rich in vitamins B
Artichokes fibers.
Artichokes function
Artichokes nutrition
Asian and white rice
asian obesity
asthma attacks
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
atopic eczema
avoid antibiotics
baburam bhattarai
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
bad carb
Balanced diet
BCG
birth defects
BMI
bodily fluids
body image problem
boosts memory
Borrelia burgdorferi
bracts
brain
BRCA genes
Breast cancer
breast cancer and ovarian cancer
breast tumour
broccoli
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis in children
bull's eye
C
Calamine lotion
calcium supplements
calorie restricted diet delay aging process
calorie restriction diet
calories
canberry juice
carbohydrates
carcinogenic
cervix
Chest radiography
Chickenpox
childlessness
children
children itching
chlamydia
cholera pandemic
cholesterol
circumcision
cobalamin
cognitive decline
coliform bacteria E.coli
commercial sex workers
condom
condoms
congenital hypothyroidism
conjunctivitis
contraceptive
cooked pork
cooked vegetables
Coronaviruse
cranberries
cretinism
Cuisine
cystitis
day time nap
Dementia
dental plaque
depression
developing countries
diabetes
diarrhea
diet
Direct observation of treatment (DOT)
disatisfaction
disturbed sleep
DNA-fragmented spermatozoa
DOTS
Dragon fruit
Dragon fruit and laxative
Dragon fruit and vitamin source.
Dragon fruit functions
Dragon fruit nutritional value
Drug-resistant TB
dry skin
dyslexia
E and pro-vitamins
early sexual intercourse
eastern nepal
ELISA
emollients
erthema chronicum migrans
ethnic diversity
excess testosterone
exercise
exercise.
Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI)
Extensively drug-resistant TB
extra virgin
Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis
fallen womb
family planning
fat burning food
fatty fish
FDA approved anti-obesity drug
fibers benefits
fish oil
Fish oil and dementia
flu-like symptoms
folate
folic acid
folic acid deficiency
food allergy
frustration
gastric ulcers
gastroenterititis
genital infection
genital warts
gigolos
glycaemic index
gonorrhea
good carb
H.pylori prevention
Haiti cholera epidemic
handy findings.
HBV
heart disease
helicobacter pylori
Herpes Zoster
high blood pressure
high Glycemic Index (GI)
higher dose of lithium is toxic.
hip and knee osteoarthritis
hirsutism
HIV 1 and HIV 2
HIV and pregnancy
HIV and Tuberculosis
HIV infection
HIV prevalence
HIV TRANSMISSION
HIV/AIDS
homosexual
hormonal imbalance
house dust mites
human herpes virus
humour
husbands overseas
hypertension
hypothyroidism
hypothyroxinemia
hysterectomy
IDU
illeberal democracy
incontinence
India
India closer to wiping polio
indurations
Infertile couples.
infertility
infertility and antioxidants.
Infertility and developing countries
Infertility and economic burden
Infertility and MR
Infertility and quality of life
insect repellents.
insomnia
Insulin resistance
intravenous drug users
invasive.
iodine
irritants
Isoniazid
IVDUs
Jicama
Jicama function
Jicama mexican cuisine
Jicama nutritional value
klebsiella
laser hair removal
latent tuberculosis infection
learning problems
LH
Lithium
low birth weight
low calorie diet
low Glycemic Index (GI)
low salt diet
low-carb
lower respiratory tract infections
LRTI
lyme disease
male hormone
managing without medication
maoist
maoist duplicity
Marital Relationship
masculine trait
mass wedding ceremony
maternal death
maternal health
maternal iodine
MDR
MDR tuberculosis
megaloblastic anemia
mexico
mild form
milk
mobiles
moisturizing
monosaturated fat
mood stabilizer
MSM
multidrug resistant tuberculosis
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
multiple sexual partners.
muscle building protein
muscle mass and type 2 DM.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
myths believed about acne
nCoV-EMC
Nepal
Nepalese peace keeping troops cholera
neural tube
neuropathy
nicotine
norovirus
novel coronavirus
NTDs
nutrients
obesity
obesity epidemic
old
oligo-ovulation
olive oil
omega 3
omega 3 benefits
oral contraceptive pills
oral sex
osteoporosis
ovarian cysts
ovarian drilling
over weight
pcos
pessary
PID
pigs
pimples
polio
Polio drops
polio virus
polyarthritis
polycystic ovarian syndrome
postmenopausal women
poverty
pre-diabetes
pre-marital sex
pregnant women
premature deaths
prevent urinary tract infections
processed red meat
prolactin
proprionibacterium acnes
pulmonary tuberculosis
Pyelonephritis (upper UTI)
Quinoa and diabetes
Quinoa and essential amino acids.
Quinoa for vegetarians
Quinoa health benefits
Quinoa nutritional contents
Quinoa South America
quit smoking
RDA of Vitamin D
recognizing sleep disorder
red meat heart risk
red meat increases cvd
reduced blood cholesterol level
Respiratory syncytial virus
reverse damage caused by diabetes
reverse early symptoms of alzheimer's disease
rice watery stool
risk factor for insulin resistance
RSV
safe sex messages
salt free.
sanitation
SARS-CoV
screening
sebum production
second hand smoke
sedentary lifestyle
serum Vitamin D level.
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
sex education
sex trafficking
sexual health
sexual satisfaction or performance
skim or whole milk
skin care
sleep deprived
sleep disorder
smokers
smoking cessation
sources of vitamin B12.
sperm DNA fragmentation
spina bifida
sputum smear microscopy
SSM
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
STD
STD protection
STDs prevention
stomach bug
stomach cancer
stripteases
students and gpa
sucide risk
Sugar
sugar consumption
sulforaphane
sun exposure
sunscreen
swine flu
syphilis
TB cimmunity education
TB culture
TB education
TB infection
TB intervention
TB prevention
TB vaccination
teen pregnancy
teenagers to abstain from sex
testosterone
thyroid hormone deficiency
thyroxine
tick bite
TNF-alpha.
tobacco
Tobacco Deaths quit tobacco
trachoma
TST
tuberculin skin test
tuberculin skin test (TST)
tuberculosis
Tuberculosis drug resistance.
type 2 diabetes increasing in prevalence
unprocessed red meat
unprotected sex
unsafe sex
Upper respiratory tract infections
urethra
urinalysis
Urinary tract Infection
urine culture
URTI
US obesity rate
uterine prolapse
Uttar Pradesh
vaccination
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
vegan diet
Vibrio cholera
violence
virginity test in india
vitamin B 12
vitamin B 12 injections
Vitamin D
vitamin D preventive functions
Vitamin D sources
vomiting disease
Weight-loss drug
white rice
white rice and diabetes risk
WHO.
women
XDR tuberculosis
zits
No comments:
Post a Comment