Atopic eczema

Atopic eczema is the most commonest form, affecting as many as 15-20% of school age children, with 1-2% of children with the condition being severely affected. It commonly begins in early childhood, when it can be particularly severe.The pathogenesis of atopic eczema is complex and still incompletely understood. It is best considered as an interplay of genetic susceptibility that causes epidermal barrier dysfunction and abnormal immune responses, which are then stimulated by different environmental factors.
Causes for atopic eczema is multifactoral. It might be genetic or caused by various Potential trigger factors, including irritants (eg, soaps and detergents), skin infections, contact allergens, food allergens, and inhalant allergens. Food allergy can be ruled in, if a children with eczema develop immediate symptoms after ingestion of certain food. In infant and young children if moderate or severe uncontrolled eczema persist despite optimum management food allergy can be considered if particularly associated with vomiting,changes in bowel habits or failure to thrive. Children with eczema and suspected cow's milk allergy should not be given diets based on unmodified proteins such as goat or sheep milk or partially hydrolyzed formulas.
Based on severity of the symptoms, management plans is stepped up or down. Mild eczema is managed with emollients and mild-potency topical corticosteroids. Moderate-severity eczema is managed with emollients, moderate-potency topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, and bandages, in a stepwise approach. For severe eczema, treatment steps, in addition to emollients, may include potent topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, bandages, phototherapy, and systemic therapy.stepwise management, with regular emollients and intermittent topical corticosteroids forming the basis of treatment and topical calcineurin inhibitors being used as second line treatment under a dermatologist.
Children may be offered a choice of unperfumed emollients for daily moisturizing, washing, and bathing, that suites to their needs and preferences.When emollients and other topical treatments are applied at the same time of day, it is best. whenever feasible, apply these one at a time with several minutes between applications. Management includes control not cure. Even when the eczema is clear, emollients should always be used at least twice a day. In severe eczema, use of greasy emollients are best & in less severe eczema, less greasy preparations are more acceptable.
Parents can be sure of eczema flares, if increased dryness, itching, redness, swelling, and general irritability persist for a longer period. Children have dry skin, itching, so emollients are essential to treat dryness as it acts as a barrier. Children with eczema needs distraction from scratching because as skin is dry and itchy, that becomes a problem.The central heating is very drying so turning down may be helpful.Reducing exposure to house dust mite may also be helpful.
Although infantile eczema is very common, most grow out of it before 13 years of age. Parental support is crucial. Atopic eczema does not last for forever, so there is definitely a ray of hope at the end of the tunnel!

Health Consequences of Second Hand Smoke

Second hand smoke is a mixture of smoke that comes from the burning end of the cigarette,cigar or pipe (side stream smoke) and from smoke exhale by smokers (mainstream smoke). This consist of more than 4,000 substances, some are poisonous and causes lung cancer.The impact of second hand smoke on general health is debilitating. It causes premature deaths in children and diseases in non-smoker adults.
 

Children are at greater risk of being exposed to second hand smoke than adults. In children, it is associated with the initiation and severity of coughs, breathlessness, wheezing, and abdominal disorders.Children are expose from parental smoking and others house hold smokers. Second hand smoke is the 3rd leading cause of preventable death in the US.
When a pregnant women smokes or is a passive smoker, it affects the unborn child resulting in premature delivery of the baby, low birth weight, respiratory tract infections and asthma attacks. Mothers who smoke during pregnancy give birth to a low birth weight baby compared to non-smokers. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and after delivery results in low birth weight & slower growth in early childhood. Children exposed to second hand smoke are at increased risk for bronchitis, pneumonia, ear infection, increased frequency and severity of asthma, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, sinusitis, and behavioral & cognitive disorder and lower pulmonary function test resulting in adulthood.
 

The most common symptom arising from exposure to passive smoking is eye irritation. Parents needs counseling about the danger of child tobacco smoke exposure and the risk associated with smoking behavior. Parental awareness is a must to curb the menace of second hand smoking. Hence, it is a very crucial step to  educate parents about the importance of smoking cessation.This can be done by attending a smoking cessation program or by gaining a sense of self willingness to set a quit date or by use of nicotine replacement therapy. The most important factor in determining the success of a smoking cessation program is a desire of individual to quit.

The first step towards building a non-smoking society is by banning smoking in public places. The main advantage is, it helps protect non-smokers from the health risk of passive smoking. People at work or social gatherings will no longer expose to toxic second hand smoke. We can create a smoke free environment by placing 'no smoking' stickers in home and cars, designate a smoking area outside and always ask visitors to smoke outside. Healthy population ensures prosperity and progress.

Stomach bug treatment for cancer

Eradicating a common bug in people with stomach cancer can prevent the disease from recurring, research suggests. Helicobacter pylori, proved to be the cause of most stomach ulcers, has also been linked with stomach cancer.In a study of 550 people who had stomach cancer surgery, antibiotics which killed the bug cut the risk of a second cancer developing by two-thirds....click & read more....

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal abnormalities experienced by women during their reproductive years. It is a common problem affecting about 7% of young adults women. Hormonal cycling is disrupted and the ovaries become enlarged. Women with PCOS have follicles in their ovaries, which fail to rupture. Cysts present in ovaries are not harmful but do cause hormonal imbalances. PCOS, though may occur in women without ovarian cysts and is the most common cause of infertility in women. Hormones like androgen is excessively. Normally ovaries make only a tiny amount of this male hormone androgen. Plus, the ratio of LH to FSH is often abnormally high. Levels of LH ratio increases to FSH mainly because of decreased level of FSH.
PCOS is a hormonal condition in which excess testosterone results in irregular ovulation and benign cyst, jeopardizing fertility. It is directly caused by excessive weight gain & obesity brought on by insulin resistance. when a body has problem regulating insulin, insulin resistance occurs. With enhanced obesity,insulin production increases, which in turn increases testosterone level that may trigger PCOS. when a body does not use insulin well, blood glucose level shoots up causing impaired glucose tolerance. Overtime, the chances of getting diabetes increases.
Obesity increases the chances of developing polycystic ovary syndrome. Obesity, thus, is a major risk factor for PCOS and a realistic achievable weight loss can be sufficient to restore regular ovulation and improve fertility in obese women with this disorder. If you are obese, get to a healthy weight. Body weight can affect one's ability to conceive.
In addition to weight, genetics too might have role to play. Although the causes of PCOS is unknown, some women might be genetically more predisposed than others. Researchers say that a combination of genes plays a part in PCOS.
All cases of PCOS might not have all the symptoms. Symptoms tend to be mild at first. Women start having irregular periods, and in some cases, or miss it altogether. Some may have no periods while others may suffer from very heavy bleeding. Studies have shown that menstrual history is an accurate marker for PCOS in both epidemiological and genetic studies. If you have it, sisters and daughters have 50% chance of developing it during their reproductive age.

Forty percent of the adult women with PCOS have impaired glucose tolerance and elevated LDL or bad cholesterol and markedly increased prevalence of a condition called metabolic syndrome. Associated syndromes increase risk for cardiovascular syndrome tremendously.
In other words, health risks associated with PCOS are diabetes, heart diseases, reproductive problems. Infertility is caused by increased androgen, which blocks ovulation. Repeated miscarriages cause is unknown may be due to high insulin level, delayed ovulation or by the quality of egg or how egg attaches to the uterus. The risk for Gestational diabetes is greater in women with PCOS than a normal ovulating women. For pregnant women, PCOS can cause miscarriages, gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnancy induced high blood pressure, pre- eclampsia, increased higher risk of delivery by caeserian section. Endometrial hyperplasia occurs because the uterus lining is not cleared each month due to lack of menstrual cycle. However, birth control pills reduces risk. women with PCOS are at risk of abnormal uterine bleeding and endometrial cancer. skin and hair disorder can be substantial in women with pcos and are physically and psychologically very damaging.
PCOS is mostly diagnosed when a women is having difficulty becoming pregnant. Physical examination ,USG, blood test can help diagnosis this condition.There is no single test to diagnose polycystic ovarian syndrome, diagnosis also depends on past history of the disease. Pelvic ultrasound helps find if there is any cyst on the ovaries (polycystic ovaries). Hormones levels tested for increased androgen level, this increased level of testosterone and androgen blocks ovulation. Test for Prolactin level is done. If increased prolactin level it lacks menstrual cycle or results in infertility. GTT and Insulin level which shows insulin resistance. Test for high blood glucose level, high lipid level. Lipid profile increases in pcos. chemical screening like kidney function test and liver function test. TSH level for thyroid activity. DHEAS or 17-oH progesterone(adrenal gland hormones) may give same symptoms so to exclude pcos. other test includes, checking blood for HCG this excludes pregnancy.
PCOS leads to serious health condition. When it comes to diagnosis, sooner the better. If trying to conceive, treatment regimen can begin with fertility drug like clomiphene. Clomiphene usually induces ovulation, 50-60% conceive in first 6 months of treatment. Those who will not ovulate in response to clomiphene are at increased risk of ovarian hyper-stimulation. Birth control pills can be used if not trying to get pregnant. This combined pills will control bleeding and reduced risk of unopposed estrogen on the endometrium. Unwanted hair growth in body may be treated cosmetically or with an anti-androgen drugs. Cosmetically by use of chemical hair removers or by waxing, tweezing or shaving. Laser hair removal, electrolysis, bleaching is also done. Metformin helps control insulin and blood glucose level.
There is no cure for PCOS, but controlling it lowers your risks for infertility, miscarriages, diabetes, heart disease and uterine cancer. Associated conditions can be managed through medications and lifestyle changes. Low carbohydrate diet might be helpful. Limit foods high in saturated fats(meat, cheese, fried foods). Go for lots of vegetables, fruits, nuts, beans,whole grains.Healthy eating habits is the key treatment for PCOS associated ailments. Loosing weight may help get hormones in balance and regulate menstrual cycle.

Surgery for PCOS isn't necessary. It is recommended only if women doesn't respond to any other treatment. Surgical treatment is occasionally done for women with infertility caused by pcos and who do not ovulate after taking medicine. Ovarian function is improved by reducing the number of small cysts. One of the more common ones is laparoscopic ovarian drilling also called as band-aid surgery because of small incision.This surgical treatment can trigger ovulation in women with PCOS who have not responded to weight loss and fertility medicine. This procedure carries a risk of developing scar tissue on the ovary. This surgery can lower male hormone levels and help with ovulation. But these effects may only last a few months. It is important to treat your PCOS even if not trying to get pregnant. Having pcos results in higher risks for many disease , but if it is treated properly,then those risks are lowered.

Cranberries helps prevent UTI's

Cranberries, blueberries, and the Concord grape are among the few fruits native to North America. A number of related cranberries are found in areas ranging from damp bogs to mountain forests. These plants grow from Alaska to Tennessee as small, trailing evergreen shrubs. Fresh cranberries, which contain the highest levels of beneficial nutrients, are at their peak from October through December, just in time to add their festive hue, tart tangy flavor and numerous health protective effects to your holiday meals. Cranberry is also consumed as food in the form of relish, sauce, jam, or dried berries. The juice in general contains glucose, fructose, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, quinic acid, malic acid, proanthocyanidins, triterpenoids, catechins, lectins, and water. Cranberry has also been reported to have antioxidant and anticancer activity. cranberry is also being taken for its vitamin C and its phytonutrients, including flavonoids such as the proanthocyanidins, which are beneficial antioxidants. Thus, Cranberries can serve as a good source of supplemental antioxidants. studies have shown that cranberries can help prevent urinary tract infections and may reduce the risk of gum disease, stomach ulcers and cancer.
Cranberry is widely used to prevent urinary tract infections. It was originally believed that any benefit from this food was the result of acidification of urine. cranberry does it action by inhibition of adhesion of bacteria (E.coli the most common bacterial cause of UTIs,) to uroepithelial cells by proanthocyanadin, a compound present in cranberry. This anti-adherence action is thought to reduce the ability of the bacteria to cause a UTI.
Other uses of cranberry include treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and prevention of dental plaque.The anti-adhesion properties of cranberry inhibits the bacteria associated with gum disease and stomach ulcers.
cranberry juice and its products significantly reduced recurrent UTI among women with recurrent infections. commercially available cranberry juice products are likely safe in available dosages and as recommended for capsules and tablets in healthy adults. Drinking excessive amounts of juice or higher doses could cause gastrointestinal upset or diarrhea. Recommended doses range from 90 to 480 mL of cranberry cocktail twice daily or 15 to 30 mL of unsweetened 100% cranberry juice daily. Patients with diabetes or glucose intolerance may want to drink sugar-free cranberry juice to avoid a high sugar intake.The concentrate available in frozen form has almost 30 times the strength of the juice. capsule form, 1cap(300 to 400 mg) has hard gelatin concentrated extract or soft gelatin, which contain less cranberry compound, twice daily.
Cranberry juice has interaction with warfarin, with increased risk for bleeding, with increased risk for calcium oxalate renal stones, and with hypersensitivity. In particular, patients with a history of nephrolithiasis should avoid the use of cranberry juice or products because of possible increases in calcium and oxalate concentration. Drinking more than 1 liter per day of cranberry juice may increase the risk of kidney stones in people with a history of oxalate stones.
However, no evidence exists for the efficacy of cranberry for the treatment of UTI and it should not be used as a substitute for antibiotics. Cranberry products alone should not be used to treat acute infection. people with urinary tract infection should see a health care provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. patient should seek treatment with antibiotics for breakthrough UTIs after establishing sensitivity of the infecting organism. If a person wishes to avoid antibiotics, cranberry juice or concentrate would be a sound recommendation to make, with follow-up of frequency of future UTIs. If efficacious, cranberry juice or concentrate may prevent visits to the physician's office for recurrent UTI as well as use of antibiotics and development of microbial resistance.

PREVENTING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE

STDs have caught on like a wild fire. The cases of STDS are on rise in virtually ever nook and corner of the world. Unprotected sex is the main factor behind the spread of STD and subsequent infections. Social factors that promote spread include: alcohol, leisure, personal freedom, prostitution and ignorance. Although all social groups are vulnerable to the menace of STDs, people at high risk are mainly: sexually active male and female with multiple sex partners, frequent travelers, and commercial sex workers.
It is important to prevent STDs, because it is a serious issue that can lead to infertility and cervical cancer. One out of two sexually active individual will contract genital infection during their lifetime, therefore, safer sexual conduct is paramount to one's sound sexual health and long term well being. As STDs are consequences of unprotected sexual encounters, abstinence although easier said than done, could do the trick. Unfortunately, it is something that is easier to preach than practice. A monogamous relationship can be a way around. Having sex with only one partner at one time, being honest with your partner about sexual history & expecting same from your partner may help prevent spread of infections. Every time you change a partner, you ought to be careful. In case of any doubt, talk to a doctor. You may want to get your partner tested for STDs if he had multiple flings in the past.
During sexual act, taking care off bodily fluid can help reduce the risk of contracting STDs. Latex condoms can be an effective and protective means against transmitting diseases. Condoms, when used correctly can reduce the spread of HIV, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, trichomonasis. They, however, provide limited protection against HPV, & herpes. As always said, that wearing a condom is like wearing a raincoat in a rainy day, you can still get wet. In order for condoms to be effective, it must be used correctly before any sexual contact. Female condoms are not as effective as male condoms when it comes to preventing STDs. It can, however, be used for those allergic to latex.
Unlike condoms, OCP or the IUD provide no respite to infections. Both the partners should talk about being tested for STDs and effective ways to protect oneself. Education is a key to preventing STDs. Regular screening, vaccination and other prevention strategies for all sexual active women are the highest public health priorities. Accurate diagnosis, effective treatment and close follow up to ensure cure can help control STDS.
posted by, sanjana.

CHLAMYDIA

Chlamydia is the most common STD caused by chlamydia trachomatis. This causes trachoma, non- gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis leading to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). chlamydia psittaci, which causes psittacosis & chlamydia pneumonia,which causes atypical pneumonia. Chlamydia infects lower cervix canal and the urethra. Chlamydia can also be found in the throats of women and men having oral sex with an infected partner.
Symptoms- Often a chlamydia infection causes no symptoms at all. symptoms occur 1-3 weeks after exposure.women having symptoms like an abnormal vaginal discharge or a burning sensation during urination, pain during sex, any unusual sore, odour, discharge from genital and bleeding between menstrual cycle could be an STD infection. If a women has any of these symptoms she should stop having sex and consult a health care provider immediately.Men with symptoms might have discharge from the penis or a burning sensation when urinating. men might also have burning and itching around the opening of the penis.
Transmission- It is transmitted during vaginal, anal or oral sex. Infection can pass from infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. MSM are also at risk of chlamydia infection because they get through oral or anal sex. Infection is transmitted by having sex with a person who has a chlamydia infection.Having sex with a new partner or having multiple sex partners or a person who has had many sex partner are at increase risk of infection. people are at a risk for chlamydia infection if they don't use condom during sexual activity.
Diagnosis- Laboratory test is done. urethritis is confirmed by finding polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a gram stain of urethral secretion. specimen are collected from site such as the urethral meatus,vagina or cervix.
Treatment- Chlamydia infection can be easily treated with antibiotics. All sexual partners should be evaluated, tested & treated. patients with chlamydia should abstain from sexual intercourse until they and their sex partners have completed treatment. Otherwise re-infection is possible and women's are frequently re-infected if their sex partners are not treated. most post-treatment infection are as a result of reinfection and not failed therapy. Re-screening can be performed if reinfection is suspected. Untreated infection can spread into uterus and fallopian tube and causes PID. PID can cause permanent damage to the fallopian tube,uterus and surrounding tissues.The damage can lead to chronic pelvis pain, infertility & fatal ectopic pregnancy.
Prevention- The most reliable way to avoid STD transmission is abstain from sexual contact.For many people cutting down sex is not what they choose so, the best safe way is a long-term monogamous relationship. Screening should be done at least annually for chlamydia among all sexually active women age 25years or younger and other high risk groups. All pregnant women should have antenatal serological testing because a baby born to an infected mother can have chlamydia infection in their eyes called as trachoma. Trachoma is a specific communicable keratoconjunctivitis and is the most common cause of avoidable blindness in the world. It also affects the respiratory tracts causing atypical pneumonia. It is the leading cause of early infant pneumonia and conjunctivitis in new born. Talk with your partner about STD before beginning a sexual relationship. Use condoms with a new partner until you are certain he or she does not have an STD. Female condoms are available for women whose partners will not use a male condom. Never involve sexually with more than one sex partner at a time. The risk for an STD increases as the number of sex partners increases.

BALANCED DIET

Balanced diet means an intake of appropriate and adequate amounts of food and drink, which supplies nutrition and energy for maintenance of body cells, tissues, and organs. "Balanced" simply means a diet that adequately meets the body nutritional needs while not providing any nutrients in excess.  

A well balanced diet  provides source of energy and nutrition for normal growth and development. Consuming varieties of food is very crucial in achieving a well balanced diet. Different food sources like milk and milk products (cheese, yogurt, milk) meat and meat products (chicken, fish, beef, pork, lamb) legumes (beans and peas), nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables, grains group (breads and cereals) are to be incorporated in our dietary plans. 

An unbalanced diet can cause impairment of growth and development. It can also interfere with various body functions such as  maintenance of body tissues, brain and nervous tissue function and also with bone and muscles. Balanced diet needs to be well planned. Skipping meal does more harm than good especially, skipping breakfast does no good at all. At least 3 meals each day is highly recommended. While the food we choose/eat should come from variety of food groups. The most important step to stay put on balanced diet is to educate oneself about what the body needs, being knowledgeable of what is eaten and how much, by reading the nutrition label and ingredients of all the food. Healthier way of sticking to balanced diet is by choosing fewer calories and smarter food choices.

ACNE VULGARIS

It's prevalence is 75% among teenagers and young adults(including some in their 20s and 30s). Acne is caused due to malfunction of your sebaceous gland (skin's oil gland) that leads to over production of sebum. Everyone gets it, you are not alone.Adolescent are distressed, breakdown and even cry with fear of 'ugly face'. Acne can be embarrassing it may even be hard to talk about.Acne is a treatable condition. It is the most common skin condition treated by health care providers. Acne is also called as zits or pimples. It occurs on the face, back and chest ranging from mild to severe. Acne is never your fault, it is influenced by many factors including genetics and hormonal changes or fluctuations.
CAUSATIVE ORGANISM: proprionibacterium acnes.
HOW DOES IT HAPPENS?
-The sex hormone(androgen) stimulates sebum production.
-Excessive sebum production causes blockage of sebaceous follicle outlet.
-Accumulation of keratin and sebum leads to formation of open and closed comedones.(k/a whiteheads and blackheads).
-Bacterial colonization occurs in the trapped sebum.
-Resulting in inflammatory reaction from this colonized sebum causes production of inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules and cysts.
TYPES: Two types of acne vulgaris, (a) Obstructive acne- closed comedones(k\a white heads) & open comedones(k/a black heads)
(b) Inflammatory acne-shows formation of lesions orderly,papules,pustules,nodules, cysts and scars.
TREATMENT:
a) without medicine: Prevention by a good skin care program.
1)Gentle face washing.
2)Avoidance of manipulating acne lesions( like temptation to squeeze or prick at pimples)
3)Use water-based cosmetics only.
4)use oil free moisturizers only.
(b) medical treatment:
*Step1- Begin with benzoyl peroxide gel. Apply it twice a day. Benzoyl peroxide should not be used by pregnant women.
*Step2- Topical tretinoin or adapelene is added.This is usually applied at bedtime. In the initial period, redness & irritation of the face might occur.
*Step3-Topical antibiotics like erythromycin or clindamycin is added. This is used in combination with step1 and 2.
*Step4- systemic antibiotics are added.
Allow 6-8 weeks for the treatment to work before deciding to try another regimen.

COMMON MYTH BELIEVED BY US,
a) Acne is caused by failure to wash dirt and oil is not true. Acne can be made worse by washing too vigorously and causing irritation. Gentle washing is sufficient.
b)'Acne is a normal adolescent problem of no consequences that should be allowed to run its course'. Not true, because the physical & psychological consequences of acne can be cataclysmic. Prompt treatment can prevent severe outbreaks thus avoid physical and emotional scarring.
c)'Unhealthy sexual habits,including masturbation, same sex play or even simple indulgence can cause acne'.This is not true, because sex with wrong person can cause rashes but will not be acne.
d)'Acne vulgaris always clears up after adolescence' is not true because more than 10% of the individuals continue to have this form of acne well into adulthood. Bad news is that acne might not go away even you are in your 20's or 30's.
Take a positive approach by not blaming yourself for your acne. Always remember it's a common and treatable condition. Follow a consistent treatment plan.

Tuberculosis terror in eastern Nepal

Widespread poverty, lack of awareness and dearth of nutritious food seem to have been responsible for the recent outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) in Dharan district of eastern Nepal. Credible reports point out that over 200 people of 75 households at Devimarg village are infected with TB. Many of those infected are children. Prior to the latest instance, the disease has claimed at least 50 lives in the past 10 years. While the developed countries are battling fatal disease such as cancer and HIV/AIDS, it is shameful that we are still fighting a losing battle against a completely curable disease caused by bacterial infection.
TB is a highly infectious disease that begins with chest pain, persistent cough, gradual weight loss, and in the later phase, even death if left untreated. Worldwide, over two million people die from it each year. The rise in HIV infection, the neglect of TB control programs and the emergence of drug-resistant strains have raised fears of a full-blown worldwide TB epidemic. In this country, TB has always been a fatal disease. According to the National Tuberculosis Center, about 90,000 people in Nepal have one form of TB or another, although the introduction of DOTS--Directly Observed Therapy Short-course--has helped contain the disease to a large extent. The six-month long DOTS treatment has led to a significant decline in TB mortality. However, many hospitals and health posts in TB-affected pockets in the country are devoid of both manpower and medicines. Such districts where the affliction is endemic either lack adequate health workers to instruct people about the need of DOTS, or the people are completely unaware of the DOTS treatment that is available free of cost. Take Devimarg village, for instance. Many people lost their lives because they were unaware of the DOTS clinic that supplies TB medicines without charge, while a few died as they were too poor to afford a nutritious diet and their immune system was too weak to resist the strain of the disease. The recent outbreak of TB provides evidence to the insensitivity and apathy of the government towards public health. A TB outbreak has been recorded in Devimarg village for the past 10 years. However, the government has paid no heed to identifying the victims of the deadly disease and stocking the health posts and hospitals immediately with adequate medicines and health workers. TB is most often the result of poverty, illiteracy and lack of nutritious food. The inhabitants of Devimarg village are poverty-ridden, illiterate and unaware of health issues. Since they are already weakened by malnutrition, their immune system cannot fight back once affected by the disease. If they are not treated in time, they can actually die of the disease. It is the responsibility of the government to educate the uneducated villagers about the need for proper diet and regular medicine intake to combat TB. Taking medicines regularly under the DOTS system alone could reduce TB by more than half.
courtesy: http://www.ekantipur.com/

NEPAL: AIDS/HIV

In Nepal HIV/AIDS is emerging as one of the major social and economical challenges. The people most affected by HIV/AIDS are those between the ages of 15 and 49.
AIDS may become the leading cause of death in the many working age of 15 and 49 years if an effective response is not taken now. The increasing prevalence of HIV/Aids is pushing our country towards a disaster. People are ignorant they lack information about the critical health consequences of HIV/AIDS. Cases of HIV/AIDS are among sex workers, injecting drug users, clients of sex workers; a small number of cases in housewives and children from vertical transmission.
Political instability in Nepal is leading to increased population mixing following displacement, which may promote high risk behavior sexual violence, increase in the rate of HIV infection in the time of conflict. The trafficking of Nepalese women and young girls to India is a major risk factor for HIV transmission. Every women's are not trafficked. Some has no any options left behind, to fulfill their requirements and responsibility towards families. Poverty drives large numbers of women to become prostitutes & bar girls consciously. Girls trafficked in India after returning to their families and villages are mostly not accepted in the society with respect. They do feel that this will disgrace the village's reputation and no one will marry and will reject others eligible girls. As a result, these victims of trafficking may be forced to keep selling themselves. They may also become pregnant and spread the virus to their babies during pregnancy or birth or through breast-feeding. These smallest victims need to be protected from HIV. With adequate treatment,mother-to-child-transmission is almost entirely preventable. An expectant mother can pass HIV during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. If a pregnant woman is given antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and labor, and her baby gets a dose of medication immediately after birth, the chances of her spreading HIV to the infant can be reduced.
People who suffer are reluctant to discuss such issues because they fear of being marked as disgrace or infamy. One of the most serious and widespread problems is discrimination in the society and in the workplace. Business can play an important role in miniaturizing the socioeconomic costs of AIDS epidemic by enforcing non-discriminatory strategy, educating working classes, and providing medical facilities to HIV positive employees. These implications can help people understand and accept that people with HIV/Aids can live a normal productive life.
The poverty and powerlessness of women in most developing countries are making them increasingly susceptible to AIDS/HIV. Poverty, which forces women to stay with promiscuous, HIV- infected husbands and risk infection for themselves in order to maintain their access to men's economic resources. Most underprivileged societies girls and women do not have the power to reject unwanted or unsafe sex. Poverty and powerlessness among women's is an obstacle that makes reducing prostitution difficult so,the spread of AIDS continues.

Housewives are now becoming one of the vulnerable groups in the country, with the infection rate increasing. Due to the migrant laborers going to India and Middle East and remain away for years.They do have sexual contacts and spread infections to their wives once they are home. Injecting Drug Users forms the population in which HIV poses threat of explosive HIV epidemic. In Nepal wide spread sharing of contaminated injecting needle is the common and a major risk factor for HIV. So,AIDS happens to be the concentrated epidemic within the groups of sex workers and injecting drug users. All these might ultimately lead be a major health problem in Nepal. Government should take action immediately because ignoring such issues can soon increase the number of death from AIDS. If the AIDS epidemic continues to grow Nepal will have to face a tragic situation. MSM those married may put their wives at risk of becoming infected with HIV. Gays risk of acquiring HIV. men having sex with men must be urged to get HIV test regularly so that treatment could be started earlier and reduce the rate of transmission to partners. A late diagnosis increases the likelihood of passing HIV as well as greatly reducing the quality of health & lifestyle of people living with HIV.

Condom awareness plays a vital role in improving sexual health.Enforcing to practice safe sex by using condom with partners is the best way to halt the high numbers of emerging new cases.Young adults who are sexually active must be urged to carry and use condoms. Positive trends in young sexual behaviors like increased use of condoms, delay of sexual debut, and fewer sexual partners. This helps prevent sexually transmitted diseases rising among young people.Passing on Hopes to youths in dealing with emotions & stress, support them and communicate in issues that they cannot discuss with family members because of lack of social acceptance.
Nationalist concerns needs to be strong commitment of the governments, and from our political leaders with actions that would bring political stability and development. AIDS/HIV is also a developmental issue therefore a multi-sectoral approach is a must. A strong coordination and cooperation is necessary from all sectors. Education and health care must be the key government priority. Use of targeted intervention program in recognition of high risk groups from the population. Sexual health services needs to be made easier and faster to reach the people. HIV prevention needs to be focused and persistent reaching to those most at risk of HIV infection. Better prevention could halt its spread by reducing risk of HIV infection among sex workers and their clients, injecting drug users, and homosexuals. Government should march forward to resolve the social and economical cause of this epidemic such as poverty, inequality, stigma, discrimination, sex trafficking of women, illiteracy, and cultural restrictions on discussing sex. Along with all improvements we also need better HIV testing strategies.

Managing common conditions without medication.

We’ve gotten used to taking pills for everything that ails us, but medications have side effects and cost money.Here’s a brief look at the conditions and treatments...read more,